,.\ " ~~ ~~ fh.:"r-kf4..J?.t-I\'eJllfPht-f\.f'e~Tflt\.h &..Yo&.IA",;J~T,;JIt fI) FEDERALNEGARITGAZETA OFTHEFEDERALDEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFETHIOPIA h'1.~'lID""4c'l'CIi hJliahnq- ~m(a.Hi+,liifn 1'1YearNo.1 ADDISABABA-21 sl August,1995 Oh.""f-A'.f~1v~"f£Jl'fPh~l1..ff£~TllA.h fih1l1l"'fDt]f-:f,..he 0.""II1qfmll)l'tCP~ fh.:"r-kfflth.C':f.flth.~{tP:f1j"ihllP:fOOCmm- :Ol\\\:fm-.,.mi]r-;F:fm-l't",i]f,~:"..,~C flit .,., Iitfft,.9". fh.:"r-kf4..J?.t-I\'eJl'fDht-f\.f'e~Tflt\.h:11100'","":'" f~"~OOOtl'). f"th"'"m-'+m-~AII i1.l't6f.1'CC6it f,tJ l't'P~"fh.:"r-kf4..J?.t-I\'eJllfPht-f\.f'e~Tflt\.h ih., 00'","":"l't'P~'h1"CIi/Iiifit1".,.flt\-t\.m.,.it f,:fl\AII 2.ih100'",,,..-1:O"..t-I\f,it"ooCPI\- fh.:"r-kf4..1.t-I\'eJllfPht-f\.f'e~Tflt\.hih., 00'","":" h~"'''''I~ .,., Iiifit1,.9"'1.9"C'00-1\-000-1\- 0"..t-I\f,m-~AI: 3.l't'P:(f"'J~Ij"O:"1.H. f,tJ l't'P~ h~"'''''I~ .,., Iiifif1,.9".1.9"C'f~1j" 3. f,tI'lj"All l'tJlitl't01) ~"'lI.I~ .,., Iiifif1,.9". p./C~;J(t1.~~ fh.:"r-kf4..1.t-I\'eJllfPht-f\.f'e~Tflt\.h T~H.~':" , n~ .,;J } . ..9'00 DmtPnce PROCLAMAnONNO.1/1995 APROCLAMATIONTOPRONOUNCETHECOMING INTOEFFECTOFTHECONSTITUTIONOFTHE FEDERALDEMOCRATICREPUBLICOFETHIOPIA WHEREAS,theNations,NationalitiesandPeoplesof Ethiopiahave,throughtheirelectedRepresentatives,ratified theConstitutionoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicof Ethiopia,onthe8th dayofDecember,1994;itishereby proclaimedasfollows: 1.ShortTitle ThisProclamationmaybecitedasthe''Constitutionof theFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia ProclamationNo.1/1995". 2.ComingintoEffectoftheConstitution TheConstitutionoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicof Ethiopiahascomeintofullforceandeffectasofthe21 sl dayofAugust,1995. EffectiveDate ThisProclamationshallenterintoforceasofthe21 sl day ofAugust,1995. DoneatAddisAbaba,this21 st dayofAugust,1995. NEGASOGIDADA(DR.) . PRESIDENTOFTHEFEDERALDEMOCRATIC REPUBLICOFETHIOPIA t..1..t-A~;Jt"',;JH.1fJ T'''''+'' ii'a:;i FederalNegarita.p.G.Box80,001 www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1JtI1..1.~A~;M"";JII.".,cfc-rCIi~"'(\I~+') IIJ"'~- "FederalNegaritGazeta-No.12111August1995-Page2 OP"Iflf ,,~fkTf"kl-oth.C"~f-oth.~"'P~ fth1fP~,- OV1&-~1kTf"klm-h1'Ul\tM,.f"iaT'ilAm- l.'fPh&-f\"'.&L"'t;:' f ki''r''tlC£'i"7~R&-C£"I:1;J-~1 "'.&L4.m' ff&-it~11/)1:/.\O&-it'f1fODID""OD-o;J- ~11-tm~OD1f 0" t;:1\1;J-~1fOth.,fOI\"~T"'i 0&-it~1~:1»1:1\"f+OD"'~-t1\11:f?"A"t11"7~O~"'-o O;J&- 1t"""T"Cm1OOD~itT! "U1'1\"7h.,-oA"71:~iaff.,,,o'if-oth.C/ . lIth.~(a-oOD"'~;J-C£OD.f1+~-ho&-=fm-ff1;to "h-/.\~TOD~;J1m-fI1thA-~"""7''r+~'I1A1\1JC~ /.\'~T~1.&L&-ODJJ.f"71:~-"1\ia~I\1.~TW)'"9"~;J-~1 OOD")'J kTf"klV1&-~1ff&-it~11\h-~l1ihAlA1 f ff/,.4T1OD/.\h,9"1:C1\(a';'~C'~f1~1'ilA1'-om.c -o","~(afl~'ith"p~O+Al'ODiai'~f"'~~T 1.~1{"~-titia~11\-o~1f'rC1I1T'ifM'iCI1:"V1C OOD.""!lA.&-'1m-';J~1'~,fD'il\ODAl1h:"1\A1oftA1 hA~M; ODtJ.1.m-';J&-/)~I\~1ODODia~""lAOTh~~11~1 flD~h'1m-1,-t,,11",)~'1TI1"7t9"';,f;J&-/1'tc'7~11' O"7it,..,",.(10"),1OOD+O~I PREAMBLE We,theNations,NationalitiesandPeoplesofEthiopia: Stronglycommitted,infullandfreeexerciseofourrightto self-detennination,tobuildingapoliticalcommunityfoun- dedontheruleoflawandcapableofensuringalastingpeace, guaranteeingademocraticorder,andadvancingour economicandsocialdevelopment; Firmlyconvincedthatthefulfilmentofthisobjectiverequires fullrespectofindividualandpeople'_sfundamentalfreedoms andrights,~olivetogether o~ thebasisofequality'andwithout anysexual,religiousorcultUraldiscrimination; Furtherconvincedthatbycontinuingtolivewithourrich,and proudculturallegaciesinterritorieswehavelonginhabited, have,throughcontinuousinteractiononvariouslevelsand formsoflife,.builtupcommoninterestsandhavealso contributedtotheemergenceofacommonoutlook; Fullycognizantthatourcommondestinycanbestbeserved byrectifinghistoricallyunjustreltionshipsandbyfurther promotingoursharedinterests; Convincedthattoliveasoneeconomiccommunityis necessaryinordertocreatesustainableandmutuallysuppor- tiveconditionsforensuringrespectforourrightsand freedomsandforthecollectivepromotionofourinterests; 1'''''''''~1't .ODlI;J-~1'i'~if~;JwT11O;J&-"Ij 0-t1.,:1.;J.f,'~+,,-,it~..,1\11::fl\.i''t''t"'I~Ot(allfOD11 .. 11..J:1"hA.I\1.'1""0",-,;Determinedtoconsolidate,asalastinglegacy,thepeaceand theprospectofademocraticorderwhichourstrugglesand sacrificeshavebroughtabout; n~"1\~1«;Ob~/.\'1m-0014'1'/):",'1:"'-t1T(Df-11.'fP h&-f\'iitl\9"Ul\t~i:1A"'I~;J11'! "U ~1(ID1""'T'hff.UO",.A1A"'i:r:"..'1\"7 ,,~ "9"~+~~Ml~1.&L"'~'''').&LlDhI\-1ODCm1 Ol\tJ'i:fm--t1D11f";J=~')""711"~:"flat1 -1.,,.,:,,-,.11" Ill.~;&:CID+1liUn"*t"+~,,/.\II Havethereforeadopted,on8December1994thisCons- titutionthroughrepresentativeswehavedulyelectedforthis purposeasaninstrumentthat,bindsusinamutualcommit-' menttofulfilltheobj~tivesandtheprincipl~ssetforth above. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1JtrA..1.~.A~;J&.1'.7fL")<~TCji~Ihc\!~4>1lilfn ,.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.I21 st August1995-Page3 EthiopianTerritorialJurisdiction TheterritorialjurisdictionofEthiopiashallcomprisethe territoryofthemembersoftheFederationanditsboundaries fh,:t-f-kff"'.':"fD"'}ft..Yo~t\-'}1\l1f\oTfD"'}fD7.fmshallbeasdeterminedbyinternationalagreements. ft'AAIfIi0~t\9"1\"'tt:il9"9"H'"T 00 "l:"f"'fD"~fD"~fD":: 9"iJ(,..C':1\')~" m:""" ~,,'} ;J1.9'T 1\,}"'1\~ fh..:"f-kfoo'}..,/"':,.ilfll7. .e.Uih1oo'}..,/"':,.t..Y..~"1£Cj Y..'l"h~"-fl£foo'}..,/"':,. 1\fD:J>.,.Cf,f,~'?;JA:: O'LUoo"l:"fh..:"f-kfoo'}'?/"':,. fh..:"f-kft..Y..~I\1£Y..'l"h~"-fl£~T11t\..hOD7.Ail9" .e.m~A:: 1\,}"'1\~ fh..TV"kff'?':"fD"'} 1\,}"'1\f fh..:"V"kf,,'}~:,.~"DIJ ~, fh..:"f-A'f"'}~:,.~"DIJh"f,1\l,}~Y..thoothA0. 6IiiJ.t h.+T"'f, (rli0ootht\"'Oth.~1£~CDIJf,CjllfJA:: Y'il1:9" .,.t\DIJ:"~h-A(r~fD"01\'?~9"f,"'oolIJf\-:: h,,')~:,.~I\DIJ fD"1\f, fDIJ" .,.00mfD"11th.~1£~CDIJfh.. :"f-kf11th.C'Tt11th.l"flTtihllflT~Cj'If,DlJCj.y.T O~h-A~''''Cj01\'} ~,~..,.t\ooliCf"TfD"'}.,.il4.fDIJ.f'}R I1Ce}f,tfCjA:: ft..Y..~""1\11f\oTff~i}TfD",,'}~:,.~"DlJCj~CDIJ t\.. Cj ~TfD"f,T"A::1fC1f~,}Of~i}TfD"9"hC0.:" f,fDilCj "":: I' [. 1\'}.,.1\ii - fh..:"f-kf'Oth.~1£oollllO"C fh..:"f-k f11th.~1£OOllllO"Cfih1oo'}'?/"'1:,}~"DlJ9'TCj fh..:"f-kfihllflTOy"'l"ht,.."-/"'C~:,.1\11lfD"t\ooCjC f"TfD"'}~9"~:" f~'}Jto-9"ffD~L:"f;J~iJ~I\TfD"'} fDIJ.f'}RI1C:"(rCj Oih'?f,fD"CjA:: 1\').,.1\?; ili\*'}* ~,DlJCjTfD"9"fh..:"f-kf*,}*9'TO~h-A~:"foo'},?/",:" ~fD":"Cjf,Cj~TIfJ A:: ~,1\DlJC~ ft..Y..~'" oo'},?/",..,. f/"'~*'}* f,lfCjA:: [, ft..Y..I..7i)..1\l1f\oTff(,..i}TfD"'}f/"'~*'}*Oih'?f,fD il Cj "" :: 1\1.,. R"7: iIi\,L '?~ :,. ~,fD"~:t:/fD"~:efDf,9"hfD"~:t:/hfD"~:e1\1~~TfD" h..:"f-k!I£/h..:"f-k!l£:"flf~/flf~Tfh..:"f-k!tL;J ~fD"/Cj:":: ~,ffD"6J!'U1CtL1Tfh..:"f-k!tI.'?~:"t\..f11-f,TI\f\-:: [, 't'?~:"1ODIJ"ooi\h:"lfClf~Oih'? f,fD(aCjA:: CHAPTERONE GENERALPROVISIONS Article1 NomenclatureoftheState ThisConstitutionestablishesaFederalandDemocraticState structure.Accordingly,theEthiopianstate.shallbeknownas TheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia. Article2 Article3 TheEthiopianFlag 1.TheEthiopianflagshallconsistofgreenatthetop,yellow inthemiddleandredatthebottom,andshallhavea nationalemblematthecentre.Thethreecoloursshallbe sethorizontallyinequaldimension. 2.Thenationalemblemontheflagshallreflectthehopeof theNations,Nationalities,Peoplesaswellasreligious communitiesofEthiopiatolivetogetherinequalityand unity. 3.MembersoftheFederationmayhavetheirrespective flagsandemblemsandshalldeterminethedetailsthereof throughtheirrespectivelegislatures. Article4 NationalAnthemofEthiopia ThenationalanthemofEthiopia,tobedeterminedbylaw, shallreflecttheidealsoftheConstitution,thecommitmentof thePeoplesofEthiopiatolivetogetherinademocraticord~r andoftheircommondestiny. Article5 Languages 1.AllEthiopianlanguagesshallenjoyequalstaterecog- nition. 2.AmharicshallbetheworkinglanguageoftheFederal Government. 3.MembersoftheFederationmaybylawdeterminetheir respectiveworkinglanguages. Article6 Nationality 1.AnypersonofeithersexshallbeanEthiopiannational wherebothoreitherparentisEthiopian. 2.ForeignnationalsmayacquireEthiopiannationality. 3.Particularsrelatingtonationalityshallbedeterminedby law. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1~!!t.,Y.,t..t\~;JI.-r;Jlf.ffJ~'I'C:li~(hl'l.I?i4>1Ii!fit%'}.9". FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page4 h1.,.", 'k ff;J-h11\t\'" Article7 GenderReference OtttJih1001..,P':"CD-il'l'oon~f;J-fi'1."11 CD-'1(1.:"19"ProvisionsofthisConstitutionsetoutinthemasculinegender f;J-!iI:";J-A:: shallalsoapplytothefemininegender. 9"iJ/r.lf.ll't\ :,. 'Iih1001"'P'i: oo(}~;J-ceooClfsP"f h1.,. 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'" "Ii f001..,P':"'i"f'/,eO'/if:"oot\!f:" CHAPTERTWO FUNDAMENTALPIDNCWLESOFTHE CONSTITUTION Article8 SovereigntyofthePeople 1.AllsovereignpowerresidesintheNations,Nationalities andPeoplesofEthiopia. 2.ThisConstitutionisanexpressionoftheirsovereignty. 3.Theirsovereigntyshallbeexpressedthroughtheirrepresen- tativeselectedinaccordancewiththisConstituionand throughtheirdirectdemocraticparticipation. Article9 SupremacyoftheConstitution 1.TheConstitutionisthesupremelawoftheland.Anylaw, customarypracticeoradecisionofanorganofstateora publicofficialwhichcontravenesthisConstitutionshall beofnoeffect. 2.Allcitizens,organsofstate,politicalorganizations,other associationsaswellastheirofficialshavethedutyto ensureobservanceoftheConstitutionandtoobeyit. 3.Itisprohibitedtoassumestatepowerinanymannerother thanthatprovidedundertheConstitution. . 4.AllintenationalagreementsratifiedbyEthiopiaarean integralpartofthelawoftheland. Article10 HumanandDemocraticRights 1.Humanrightsandfreedoms,emanatingfromthenatureof mankind,areinviolableandinalienable. 2.Humananddemocraticrightsofcitizensandpeoplesshall berespected. Article11 SeparationofStateandReligion 1.Stateandreligionareseparate. Ii-001..,P':"'i"'/ ,eDl/if-"tfi't\!f.'i"rCD-:: 2.Thereshallbenostatereligion. ~-001"'P';J-CC'/,eO'/if:"h,eifC9"::jIi r-001..,P':"O'/,eO'/if:".,..&;.eIl)A:J>h.e1f19"::'/.eO'/if:"9" 3.Thestateshallnotinterfereinreligiousmattersand 0001..,P':".,..&;.eIl)A:J>h.e1f19"::religionshallnotinterfereinstateaffairs. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"f.A..,.,t./A~:M'1';JIL"''h1'C:fi~,M.It .,., IP.fn ~.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121'tAugust1995-Page5 n1.,.",Ul fOD1"lJP:t-nlP(,.Ctj+m'tt:fIt-(1'itf OD.n.y.'fihol;J'rt'il\9'"n"'c,:flt-{1'itfOD-{1.y.'f it9'"9'"~ .y::;.tj 'il\9'"n"'~ 1P~f.'fODC(fsP'f;JCO+ll)ll)OD OD111:~"'~101J/\-:: hr':An1f: It.n'itfOD.n.y.'f Article12 ConductandAccountabilityofGovernment 1.Theconductofaffairsofgovernmentshallbetransparent. 2.Anypublicofficialoranelectedrepresentativeisaccoun- tableforanyfailureinofficialduties. 3.Incaseoflossofconfidence,thepeoplemayrecallan electedrepresentative.Theparticularsofrecallshallbe determinedbylaw. CHAPTERTHREE FUNDAMENTALRIGHTSANDFREEDOMS Article13 ScopeofApplicationandInterpretation 1.AllFederalandStatelegislative,executiveandjudicial organsatalllevelsshallhavetheresponsibilityandduty torespectandenforcetheprovisionsofthisChapter. 2.Thefundamentalrightsandfreedomsspecifiedinthis Chaptershallbeinterpretedinamannerconformingto theprinciplesoftheUniversalDeclarationofHuman Rights,InternationalCovenantsonHumanRightsand internationalinstrumentsadoptedbyEthiopia. PARTONE HUMANRIGHTS Article14 Rightstolife,theSecurityof.PersonandLiberty Everypersonhastheinviolableandinalienablerighttolife, 0IJ1i1ID-9'"ltID-It-{1'itfnOD(f).fOlJ~'.LCtjfOlJ~1ltit thesecurityofpersonandliberty. Oih~(JJ:t-fOD'iCtfnt}A'.U1~:t-tjtf~.,~:t-OD-{1:t-nl\ID-:: Article17 RighttoLiberty 1.Nooneshallbedeprivedofhisorherlibertyexcepton suchgroundsandinaccordancewithsuchprocedureas {!.nih"lhi'~~11ID-JPC'i:t-ID-1iJ.h0IJ1~ID-9'"ltID-(JJ1f:9'"areestablishedbylaw. (f~,. ~"~rf:1!:t1n'll)9'"!n:t'll)9'":: 2.Nopersonmaybesubjectedtoarbitraryarrest,andno I' 0IJ1~ID-9'"ltID-Oih"lh',.,.~11ID-JPC'i:t-ID-1iJ.h1\.'11 tl1it personmaybedetainedwithoutachargeorconviction "~4>c'on')'(JJ~9'"",e.~.~y.'n:t-I\.:t'ltcn~'fA9'":: againsthim. n1.,.'"'i!! fih~(JJ:t-tfnt}A~U1~:t-tjf~.,~:t-OD-{1:t- n1.,.'"11: - fih~(JJ:t-OD-{1:t- 0IJ1i1ID-9'"ltID-nih~(JJ:t-fOD'i'COD-{1:t-nl\ID-::0IJ1~ID-9'" ltID-nih"ln.,.,.~11hflY.'ftD1l'A:"ll):t-t}A(f~Oit+4>C ih~(JJ'f:1n'(lI9'":: 1',1"''''Ii - fnt}A'.tJ1~:t-OD-{1:t- 0IJ1~ID-9'"ltID-nnt}l\:',,~1.'&;'rh1,&;~~Cito:t-fODmO:" OD-{1""nl\ID-:: n1.,. '" 1'i. f~.,~:t-OD-{1:t- Article15 RighttoLife Everypersonhastherighttolife.Nopersonmaybedeprived ofhislifeexceptasapunishmentforaseriouscriminal offencedeterminedbylaw. Article16 TheRightoftheSecurityofPerson Everyonehastherighttoprotectionagainstbodilyharm. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 'J~}t"Yo&.&\~;M"";J1f.(fJ1Hifif%'i.f". 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It.mf:''1',il&.I\1.nlf~oom").ngFil.&.:".('~"fl\A:: fOl/.fil&.A1lD-"}+t;1J.0I/~f?"coo&.1.tl.lf:C.('0.-1:It.CDil"} :~I\t..f(n.'-"fih°,nilh11~11t\P'AtlJfj""f?"C 00&,CD-") n ll) C+lD-f+f" lD-(alD-n+ gFt\If: l' ~.-,.If:C.('0.'-" ,,") "t ~c-n.ft\lD-"}0011'-"fDl/.filhllC001f"}nt\n'-" :: Article18 ProhibitionagainstInhumanTreatment 1.Everyonehastherighttoprotectionagainstcruel, inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment. 2.Nooneshallbeheldinslaveryorservitude.Traffickingin humanbeingsforwhateverpurposeisprohibited. 3.NooneshallberequiredtoperformforcedorcompulsQI)' labour. 4.Forthepurposeofsub-Article3ofthisArticlethephrase "forcedorcompulsorylabour"shallnotinclude: (a)Anyworkorservicenormallyrequiredofaperson whoisunderdetentioninconsequenceofalawful order,orofapersonduringconditionalreleasefrom suchdetention; (b)Inthecaseofconscientiousobjectors,anyservice exactedinlieuofcompulsorymilitaryservice; (c)Anyserviceexactedincasesofemergencyorcalamity threateningthelifeorwell-beingofthecommunity; (d)Anyeconomicandsocialdevelopmentactivityvolun- tarilyperformedbyacommunitywithinitslocality. Article19 RightofPersonsArrested 1.Personsarrestedhavetherighttobeinformedpromptly, inalanguagetheyunderstand,ofthereasonsfortheir arrestandofanychargeagainstthem. 2.Persons,arrestedhavetherighttoremainsilent.Upon arrest,theyhavetherighttobeinformedpromptly,ina languagetheyunderstand,thatanystatementtheymake maybeusedasevidenceagainstthemincourt. 3.Personsarrestedhavetherighttobebroughtbeforea courtwithin48hoursoftheirarrest.Suchtimeshallnot includethetimereasonablyrequiredforthejourneyfrom theplaceofarresttothecourt.Onappearingbeforea court,theyhavetherighttobegivenpromptandspecific explanaltionofthereasonsfortheirarrestduetothe allegedcrimecommitted. 4.Allpersonshaveaninalienablerighttopetitionthecourt toordertheirphysicalreleasewherethearrestingpolice officerorthelawenforcerfailstobringthembeforea courtwithintheprescribedtimeandtoprovidereasons fortheirarrest.Wheretheinterestofjusticerequires,the courtmayorderthearrestedpersontoremainincustody or,whenrequested,remandhimforatimestrictly requiredtocarryoutthenecessaryinvestigation.In determiningtheadditionaltimenecessaryforinves- tigation,thecourtshallensurethattheresponsiblelaw enforcementauthoritiescarryouttheinvestigationres- pecingthearrestedperson'srighttoaspeedytrial. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1X-:£~1.t.1A~;M"",?u.1IJ~1'CA~m(\.!?;4>, !itIft ,.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.12151August1995-Page7 ~.f+1~(}?JrO~"'Tl&I\f.O"'hl:(~""t\.+C1If"7.rA f"r~"":1>/.\"'Jl(}m-tDf.r"''''Tl&1r",hl){ "'Jl lr.,.1'\f.1f,.~rII0",h1f,.1:f+1"",hl:(++I1f.~"" "'f.'ill&'rII I'f+1~ (}?Jr O'PhfOll~;J-""01111"""'I\Tl&II1f'i9'"Oib.., 0+f,. ~1'"A~0-~;J-?JrC;:C1:0.""'Ph""'"1\" 011+OA tDf.r01f,.11OIIC;:;J-""')ta'rC>octflf~f'Ph""'" "'l~165J."'Jl+C1I"",H1If.rl\/.\II '" ')+ '" t) f+h(}(}?Jr01111"" Ii' f+h(}(}?Jrhhh+lOI1Tl&O~I\+1ftOlf~ "'~C1.tJ. l&h,-00llf,.0;;:C;:C1:0."""ib1l1l "'A'" Olf~rfto"" fOll(}"'''''01111""1'\I\Tl&IIIf'irf+h~I1~?J:t:')f..,A ibf.tD""tfib1l1l1f'l"~Ao-~;J-'"ff}1~i:1f,.tJ,)~"" "OIImO.}>I\.I1A1I;FhCh~011..,rfto""t\.(}",f.rl\/.\II I'hoctOlf~1IC1IC"')Jl~1~Tl&",..h,0"',h.C;: f",..,,.,,,, 01111"""'I\Tl&II f' OC;:C1:'£f,.""111\-0""1.tJ.O+h(} O""tD11:A"'f,.,-4- +;;: '''OII~mC .Orhhc~"""'Jl+Clt9'"'''0II1f,.1: 01111"""'I\Tl&II ~. \ f+lOflTl&') "''''Tl&1'r",hl:(fOllOllAh""tf+lltl1 Tl&1rhhc>rfOllmf.}>t"OIIhl\hAf"7.1hrl\Tl&') ",hl:(f",.}>l1ltDf.'rf",h+l1l"'Jlo-r'rhhC' ;FTl&+COl&"'Jl(}~I\Tl&fOllmf.}>01111"""'I\Tl&II ~.OOlllm-""fib..,mO:1>fOlltDhAtDf.rmO:1>"",I/>r ",.}>r0"'11):.t'Tl& C;:..,. ibt\.:}f,.Af"7.rA0""o-~;J- 1\.,;J,-rh0ll1..,P'''''mO:1> f",..,,.,,,, 01111"""'I\Tl&II I' hCh~0"7.;J-f.0""C;:C1:0.""O+(}mI1Tl&"""tf1ltDf.r c;:C~I\f.P'AII)1I\"l&C;:C1:0.""f."'I1~f",.}>l1l01111"" "'I\TCf)-II ~.fC;:C~'If..''''0"'f.1I1Tl&*,*0"7.11~1:0""o-~;J-0011') .., P''''' tDIJJ.hCh~,,') -'l+l-)9'"I\Tl&fOIlmf.}>01111"" "'I\Tl&II '" ')+'"~b 0,-0:1>hC11\-,..OC;:C1:f;J-(}~(}?Jr01111"" Ii' 0,-0:1>hC11\-,..OC;:C1:f;J-()~(}?Jr(}1I'iceh1l~Tl&') 0"7.m1lcho-~;J-?JrfOIl11101111"""'I\Tl& II I' h..,..-;C:}f,.7'f;FTl&th""C1IHOIIf.;FTl&.h:}f,.7'f;FTl&t h?f.",tj"""''''I1~?J;FTl&ththtL'I";FTl&",..hib.., "''''I1~?J;FTl&~C"OIl""''''''''''"'-'l-)O~Tl&'r"1:A f",..,,.,,,, 0011"""'I\Tl& II "'')+'"~e ftD,)~Aib..,tDf,.~I\+ooA(tf"'f.IP~ h"oolf'" Ii' ",');;:l&r(}l&ftD11:AhhI\.+C1I0""f+h()(} 0""1:C 1.""O+~~OIIO""1.tJ.1:C1.i:')oo~~~tDf.'r "'''00 ~~~tD')1:A0II1f'"Oib..,f+f,.~.,.,11/.\1f~Oh++C t\.+11) "'f.rA'r II"')Jlo-rtD')1:I\-')0&.~000""1.tJ. "tD')1:1\-+~1."7.h~Oll&f.}>I1)""1I)~1Ol\f.fhOf,. .}>II)""o"'');;:l&r(}l&I\f."'f.tD(}19'"II 5.Personsarrestedshallnotbecompelledtomakeconfes- sionsoradmissionswhichcouldbeusedinevidence againstthem.Anyevidenceobtainedundercoercionshall notbeadmissible. 6.Personsarrestedhavetherighttobereleasedonbail.In exceptionalcircumstancesprescribedbylaw,thecourt maydenybailordemandadequateguaranteeforthe conditionalreleaseofthearrestedperson. Article20 RightsofPersonsAccused 1.Accusedpersonshavetherighttoapublictrialbyan ordinarycourtoflawwithinareasonabletimeafter havingbeencharged.Thecourtmayhearcasesina closedsessiononlywithaviewtoprotectingtherightto privacyofthepartiesconcerned,publicmoralsand nationalsecurity. 2.Accusedpersonshavetherighttobeinformedwith sufficientparticularsofthechargebroughtagainstthem andtobegiventhechargeinwriting. 3.Duringproceedingsaccusedpersonshavetherighttobe presumedinnocentuntilprovedguiltyaccordingtolaw andnottobecompelledtotestifyagainstthemselves. 4.Accusedpersonshavetherighttofullaccesstoany evidencepresentedagainstthem,toexaminewitnesses testifyingagainstthem,toadduceortohaveevidence producedintheirowndefence,andtoobtainthe attendanceofandexaminationofwitnessesontheir behalfbeforethecourt. 5.Accusedpersonshavetherighttoberepresentedbylegal counseloftheirchoice,and,iftheydonothavesufficient meanstopayforitandmiscarriageofjusticewould result,tobeprovidedwithlegalrepresentationatstate expense. 6.Allpersonshavetherightofappealtothecompetentcourt againstanorderorajudgementofthecourtwhichfirst heardthecase. 7.Theyhavetherighttorequestfortheassistanceofan interpreteratstateexpensewherethecourtproceedings areconductedinalanguagetheydonotunderstand. Article21 TheRightsofPersonsHeldinCustodyandConvicted Prisoners . 1.Allpersonsheldincustodyandpersonsimprisonedupon convictionandsentencinghavetherighttotreatments respectingtheirhumandignity. 2.Allpersonsshallhavetheopportunitytocommunicate with,andtobevisitedby,theirspousesorpartners,close. relatives,friends,religiouscouncillors,medicaldoctors andtheirlegalcounsel. Article22 Non-retroactivityofCriminalLaw 1.Nooneshallbeheldguiltyofanycriminaloffenceon accountofanyactoromissionwhichdidnotconstitutea criminaloffenceatthetimewhenitwascommitted.Nor shallaheavierpenaltybeimposedonanypersonthanthe onethatwasapplicableatthetimewhenthecriminal offencewascommitted. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"tt..1..t./.\";J~"";Jtl.ffJO?.1T'i h+11hJ.':C1.i:0:\1\ffDtf}lD-~"I+LRO?.~'-'"f,'il'PA:: h'}+1\7;f 0h'}J.':fD'}:lAJ.':;JO?.~tf}'-'"/11\oohAhit- 0?'}~lD-9"11lD-OfD'}:lA~"Ilir~rCq.-,.. ool1l'-'"+h{\ f00QJ,l7i'OIT~lD-It~'1'4-+~~i:O+l;J1ill0'-'"fDf,9"0~, 0+1\++0'-'"fD'} 1:A'h'}1.1lihf,h11/19"fDf, 9"hf,+tf} 9" :: h'} +1\7;0 - fhllClifOOAit9"/19"0011'-'" li' 0?'}~lD-9"11lD-1111q'Chll';'liOOAit9"{}oo-foohOC 0011'-'"hl\lD-:: ~. O?,} ~lD-9"11lD-ft.l1-,}/111 ()li ht\.fto :y. It"':y.001l.y.:y.;JC O+tf}tf}ooo-~~O~' fO?lt1."I0011'-'"hl\lD-:: [.0?'}~lD-9"11lD-00?'}~lD-9"/1CJ:t.Ol1l1q'C~i:'hlD-~li fO?"Il'-'"0011'-'"hl\lD-:: h')+1\7;i: -- f'hIrA~'-'"0011'-'" 0-1t-9"119':y.0~"I~.-,.. ~irAliTlD-; 0ooithI\TlD-9" O?,} ~lD-9" qf,~.-,.. A~ ~.-,..1tf,1.l"l0~"I'hirAl'O:J>f,1.l"l1\ T'PA::OtLUl1J.':OHC f01lth.CflIth.ll1l1f0+1\9"fOP~f O*'}* f OYf,O?'i'-'" fOTI\-titf 00?'"r0t.'ChOOtf}'I'f OVlI'-'" f O'-"'lD-AJ.':fDf, 9"01\.1\h * 9"9"h'} 1'-'"A~ ~.-,..Itf, 1.l"l119':y. o-It-'hlrAlir"QJ,l1'T'f~"I'P/1'-"'lifO?"Il'-'"0011'-'"hl\TlD-:: h'} +1\?}':& f"lA~f,fD'-'"foohOClifooillO~0011'-'" li' 0?'}~lD-9"11lD-f"lA~f,fDi:f"II\'C~i:.foohOC0011'-'" hl\lD-::f,U 0011'-'"oo'i~1f1.i:~l1lD-~i:li,}lIli: h0000CooC'h'},It0-9"0"1Af,tt~lD-11\'}lIl'-'"h 00 1"H f 00 ill0~001l'-"''}1it'-'"~A:: ~.0?'}~lD-9"11lD-O"lAfO?.1\4-TlD-lifO?.RR4-TlD-.OT{}~ fO?.AitTlD-1.11~f1.9':y.f'h'},It 0-9"0-1:t\.c;:'}f0-1:t\.t100- ~ h.7i,}li Oh.t\.h'-"'C'~hooUf~19':y.f0?.11.C;JTlD-"ITf. ~.y.:y. hf,1.L';'9":: [.foo,}"Ir'-'"l1l\rAtf}'i:y.'h~tLU'}001l.y.:y.fO?hOCli fO?/1hOc"I1..~hl\l1TlD-::h{}1~~o-~~9':y.l1.LiIl';'li 1Ith.t.'C1.U,}~'-"''}ff~"H1I,}111\9"ffD'}1:A'}Oooh I\hA'mS'}lif~"HlI,}flfPt.Ao-~~OOOillO~fDf,9" ft\.fto:y.'}OOll'-"'li~,~.-,..OO?{} hOCql\0?9':y.I\f,0+00 l1li:"HC"HC ~..,:y. ool1l'-'"itAIT~O{}++Cf'hHlU 001l.y.:y. hill:J>+9"t\.11.'Ohf,:y.A9":: li' h'} +1\7;1. fYf,0?'i'-'" ff'h9"~'-"'lifh001\it h'-'" ~,~.-,.. O?'}~lD-9"11lD-fO?1111:f~t\.li'hlifYf,0? 'i'-'" ~,~.-,.. hl\lD-::f,U 0011'-'"O?'}~lD-9"11lD-f 00lilllD-'}Yf,0?'i.-,.. fDf,9" 'h9"~'-'"f00111fDf,9"foo+OAfYf,O?'ii:'}li 2.Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofsub-Article1ofthis Article,alawpromulgatedsubsequenttothecommission oftheoffenceshallapplyifitisadvantageoustothe accusedorconvictedperson. Article23 ProhibitionofDoubleJeopardy Nopersonshallbeliabletobetriedorpunishedagainforan offenceforwhichhehasalreadybeenfinallyconvictedor acquittedinaccordancewiththecriminallawandprocedure. Article24 RighttoHonourandReputation 1.Everyonehastherighttorespectforhishumandignity, reputationandhonour. 2.Everyonehastherighttothefreedevelopmentofhis personalityinamannercompatiblewiththerightsof othercitizens. 3.Everyonehastherighttorecognitioneverywhereasa person. Article25 RighttoEquality Allpersonsareequalbeforethelawandareentitledwithout anydiscriminationtotheequalprotectionofthelaw.Inthis respect,thelawshallguaranteetoallpersonsequaland effectiveprotectionwithoutdiscriminationongroundsof race,nation,nationality,orothersocialorigin,colour,sex, language,religion,politicalorotheropinion,property,birth orotherstatus. Article26 RighttoPrivacy 1.Everyonehastherighttoprivacy.Thisrightshallinclude therightnottobesubjectedtosearchesofhishome, personorproperty,ortheseizureofanypropertyunder/ hispersonalpossession. 2.Everyonehastherighttotheinviolabilityofhisnotesand correspondenceincludingpostalletters,andcom- municationsmadebymeansoftelephone,telecom- municationsandelectronicdevices. 3.Publicofficialsshallrespectandprotecttheserights.No restrictionsmaybeplacedontheenjoymentofsuch rightsexceptincompellingcircumstancesandinaccor- dancewithspecificlawswhosepurposesshallbethe safeguardingofnationalsecurityorpublicpeace,the preventionofcrimesortheprotectionofhelath,public moralityortherightsandfreedomsofothers. Article27 , FreedomofReligion,BeliefandOpinion 1.Everyonehastherighttofreedomofthought,conscience andreligion.Thisrightshallincludethefreedomtohold ortoadoptareligionorbeliefofhischoice,andthe www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"iitofot.fA~;M-r;JltfIJ-hTl:li~Ih~IliIUfnIi,"', FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page9 h9"~i:1t\1I3FCD~9"ht\.f\or;JCOoolf1O~~CD~9" O..,AfOl/9"t\hffoohr"Atfoo+..,OCJf"7it+"7C CD~9"f00'"t\R'0011""11t}"":t'AII e.Oh1+R'~1o-ith1+R'ef+m+ltlD-h1f.+mO+If'i ~~ - f'/~"7'i""+h:t'r-r'/~"7'i:t'TlD-1t\"7it~~""tjt\"7f. t.1:""fD?1itr!l,TlD-f'/~"7'i""""9"tJC""tjfhit+.&;f.C +1:"7"""71:1:9"~ri\h-II r'"71'1lD-19"ItlD-fD?LA1lD-1h9"~""t\00 1111t\lD-1 ~,~..,.O;~~ACD~9"ot\.i\u-~:t'O"7it1f.'(-OO1f.1ICD~9" oohAhAh~3FA9"II !!.CDi\}!rtj:I1;J'C1f""'H.+rOh9"~:t'TlD-ooltl""f'/~"7'i :t'TlD-1 tj f00A t} 9"P'~9"'"'lC""9"U c:f000itm"" A}!3FTlD-1f"7Itf.'"0011""hi\TlD-II ~.'/~'i""1tjh9"~""1foo..,t\R'0011""fL1f.1IfD?rt\lD- f:l111111f.tJ1~""tlti\9"1:m.tj"1t ""9"tJC""1tf:l111111 flf"t.Au-~:t'tft\.f\ortl.1r1ooltl:t''Cooll+rt ~'~+r htj001..,P'''''h'/~"7'i""~,001f~1t\"7l;J1T OD?CDm.:111r~lftjAII t,1+R'i)'i Oitll,)tji\~itt\D?LROO-CD1~f\or j). i\...,.r-*1'lRf.+3FTlD-f}t\9"h+~it9"9"~+r htjOt\.f\or ~ fi\...,.r-*1:I11rOltlD-A"f:i\~f+LROO-CD11:f\or +1It\lD-f+CDlt~""1CD11:f\or;fltlD-HCf"7T~"": 1t\lJ'.C'(-flf"""~fIJ""hC9"~foolD-lt.(-t0hit1.&;"f:ItlD-1 fooltCDC:CD~9"i\.ltrOf}'Cf'(-lIf.'l.(-C1,.+r1OLROO- ltsPri\~hitOI/~lrOO~C;Jh~:t'1.(-9"II0:11.., hlD-'I.1.lB-h~A9"Ir~O"71'1lD-9"f001..,P'''''ht}A lD-1t~sPr09":I1l""CD~9"O~~C:t'h~;J.t\~9"II ~.htLtJOi\~f+f.~11lD-h1f.+mO+If'i :OH.tJh1+R' 1o-ith1+R'jif+m+""'''''1CD11:f\ort.R'oolD-flf""" ~fIJ""t\+telf. 'lTlD-ltsPrC,)It11tit.-r~fIJi:1CDf.,).(-"'/. AhR'~},itt.""fLl7i7it\lD-~ri\AII hlJ'.Au-t\"" Yolf"ht.lt.I'C0011+r t,1+R'i)'i! fhoot\t)h-}-htjUlt1l1o~,foo111tjfoo..,t\R'0011"" ji.OI/1'1lD-9"ltlD-1t\OI/19"flJA:P111~""fooltt\lD-1hoo t\t}h..,.t\00111~ri\AII ~."71'1lD-9"ItlD-1t\"719"fIJA:P111 ~..,. 0It{l-1f00'"t\R' ~,~..,.ht\lD-II~tJ ~,~..,. 001ClD-itT9"Ir~h01ClD-6f.h CDIt1It~Y.l'"0""O:PA9"Ir~0R'"'.~ CD~9"0:11""00"": OP'~TOrOooAhm~9"OoolmlD-O"71'1lD-9" f"7lt/,.6l>}.HYo:"71'1lD-19"f}~~""ool~tjOlto{}foolt rOlto{}tfoo+OAtjf"7lt/,.,Q.""~'~+r11t}"";J-AII r.fTl..ittjft\.f\oroo1tj'1-OH-'!1:h1Jtu-9"fP'~ TOo{} t.m/,.~,~-).+l;J°l(1).AIIfTloit~,~..,. O+t\~fD?h+ l\'''''1oo-n+rIm:PAi\A: 0)f~Y.:D?19"Cool,.O"71'1lD-9"OOAh-f+ht\ht\ oolf~1: freedom,eitherindividuallyorincommunitywithothers, andinpublicorprivate,tomanifesthisreligionorbelief inworship,observance,practiceandteaching. 2.Withoutprejudicetotheprovisionsofsub-Article2of Article90,believersmayestablishinstitutionsof religiouseducationandadministrationinorderto propagateandorganizetheirreligion. 3.Nooneshallbesubjecttocoercionorothermeanswhich wouldrestrictorpreventhisfreedomtoholdabeliefof hischoice. 4.Parentsandlegalguardianshavetherighttobringuptheir childrenensuringtheirreligiousandmoraleducationin conformitywiththeirownconvictions. 5.Freedomtoexpressormanifestone'sreligionorbelief maybesubjectonlytosuchlimitationsasareprescribed bylawandarenecessarytoprotectpublicsafety,peace, health,education,publicmoralityorthefundamental rightsandfreedomsofothers,andtoensuretheindepen- denceofthestatefromreligion. Article28 CrimesAgainstHumanity 1.Criminalliabilityofpersonswhocommitcrimesagainst humanity,sodefinedbyinternationalagreementsratified byEthiopiaandbyotherlawsofEthiopia,suchas genocide,summaryexecutions,forcibledisappearances ortortureshallnotbebarredbystatuteoflimitation.Such offencesmaynotbecommutedbyamnestyorpardonof thelegislatureoranyotherstateorgan. 2.Inthecaseofpersonsconvictedofanycrimestatedinsub- Article1ofthisArticleandsentencedwiththedeath penalty,theHeadofStatemay,withoutprejudicetothe provisionshereinabove,commutethepunishmenttolife imprisonment. PARTTWO DEMOCRATICRIGHTS Article29 RightofThought,OpinionandExpression 1.Everyonehastherighttoholdopinionswithoutin- teference. 2.Everyonehastherighttofreedomofexpressionwithout anyinterference.Thisrightshallincludefreedomtoseek, receiveandimpartinformationandideasofallkinds, regardlessoffrontiers,eitherorally,inwritingorinprint, intheformofart,orthroughanymediaofhischoice. 3.Freedomofthepressandothermassmediaandfreedom ofartisticcreativityisguaranteed.Freedomofthepress shallspecificallyincludethefollowingelements: (a)Prohibitionofanyformofcensorship. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1~XAofot.lA~;Jt"";JU,ffJ 'k'fC~ ~,h(LIf;4>1lillit?:~'9'" FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page10 t\)fc"h1111"}'1':"9"fOl/..oPt\h-roPl~fOl/'?1-riJY: A"}:: 2' t\YolfOttt.f\.11£P'C,}'}'hilt...I\1.flf).oPl~sP"f1u"n"f'i hoPt\i1h.y."fO~.,oP"}7i/,,7it.rlD-"}t\OI/l:n'l'(l.flATloil 0+*9"~i:fhrPt.C~., ~-r'if+t\I~hil+ff.y."ffOl/il+ 'i1Y:"f/r';rh"}Jt'illD-fc"h'?'I'O:J>f,Y-l'?/\;rA:: ?;.OoP"}'?P'-r1"}Hl1fOl/..i1~Y:OJf,9"OoP"}'?P'-r'k'l''I'C P'Cf/\oP1'i~l1tr~")f+/\f~hil+ff.y."f"}/\OI/il+ 'i1Y:OOl/..fil"f/\lD-o-);;rh"}JtoPt.f,Y-l;JA:: i' hHLUoPl1.y."f11.,0I\.II}Al1rlD-fOl/."f/\lD-fU"l1'i oPl~fOl/'?1-r~"~-rOhil+"(l111£f,Hi:'iI\.filh-rA 00l/.."f/\lD-hil+"(l111£lD-m.-r!\.1;rhf,111lD-9"001/..A oPCUI\f,+oPilC+lD-OOl/..OJfficc"h1"f117f,1f'iA:: fOJII}.y."f"}Y-U"}~-r:f(llD-"}ttl1C'ioPAi19"il?" /\oPmO:"f\.I1Ac"h;J1£1Y-nrOHLUoPl1.y."fI\f,!\.Y-~11- f,"fl\tt-::f{l1C~-r:"il"."sP"fh"}Jto-9"(l11'}1£ttl1C") fOl/.H..fhY-1111f,oP'?/\6liJ.sP"fOc"h'?fOl/..h/\htt-f,1f'itt-:: 'to0I/"}~lD-9",L;Jhl\f,O'''m'''(}.-r oPl1.y."fhm:J>".9"l1Y: fOl/..II}t\.c"h;J1£1y-n"f"}'1'1"h+11Oc"h'?+mf-t1\.1f"} f,"fl\A:: h"} "."'. «!j foP(ll1(l.o1(ll\0I/1£(lA~fOl/Y:l'?~"~-r'iM1i:;r fOl/:"l'OoPl1-r li' 0I/"}~lD-9"(llD-h"-/\o"f;JCOoPlf")oP"'~f"f,1I0(ll\9" foP(ll1(l.o1(ll\0I/1£(lA~fOl/Y:l'?~"~-r'i 1hl1..f:;r fOl/:"ll1oPl1-rh/\lD-::hl1.-rlD-6J.bfOl/..Y-l1-ill1(ll1sP"f'i (ll\OI/lf(lAb:"f001/.."}"''''''(}'l1rlD-n;rsP"f0c"h1l11h"}:" il:J>~I\f,"f'?ch"}~f,t..'I'cr/\OI/Y:l'?OJf,9"OoPi1,h..(' I\f,f/\il.O(l11OJf,9"(l1\01/1£(lA~(ll\9"")1.e..lfOttt.f\.fl£ oPl1.y."f"}'ifc"h1l11"}flfOt.Ao-);;rh"}~f,'I'(}./\OI/ilmO:" h'?l1l1l1\rlD-P'c'}.y."fI\.Y-~11-f,"fl\tt-:: ~.f,UoP'O-rfOJII}.y.:f."}1.U"}~-r1f(llD-"}ttl1C'ioPAi19" il9""}/\oPm0:" :finC~ .}.:,. il"."sP:f'h"}Jt0-9"(l11'}I£ tt.OC")fOl/.~h-fhY-1111f,oP'?/\6liJ.sP"f"}/\oPhl\hAf\.I1A OOl/.OJm'c"h1"foP(ll-r '''mf-t hoPlf"}hf'('"}9":: h") ". '" all; ~ foP.(>.I,,'l-roPl1-r .. -'"}~lD-9"(llD-/\0I/"}~lD-9",}I\OI/OOl/..,OCfoPY-t.~-roPl1-r h/\lD-:: 1f'i9"h'?l1l1ft\lD-")c"h'? OoPlI}ilOJf,9"c"h1 oP"},?p':rl£P'C'}i:"}0c"h1OJ'I'oP"}1Y:/\OI/~lilf+oP(lli: OJf,9"f+ m'" (}..}") +°111I,,'}'fOl/..ft.9" p,.Y:C'f:.y."ff+h /\h/\'f,lr'it\.:: 1',"} ". '" @~ foPHq'OJC~.,~.} li' 0I/"}~lD-9"h.-rV'*' fl£OJf,9"0c"h;J1£oP"}1Y:U1~i:lD-il'l' f0l/..1~flD-lif.btL;JOoPlmlD-fU1~i:hi1I1QfoPHq'OJC'i foP'i~fn;rfoPoPill'}:h"}Jto-9"0t../\1lD-1.tLhU1C foPlD-II}""~"~-rh/\lD-:: !{.0I/"}~lD-9"h.-rV'*'fl£OJ1.U1crfoPoP/\iloPl1""h/\lD-:: (b)Accesstoinformationofpublicinterest. 4.Intheinterestofthefreeflowofinformation,ideasand opinionswhichareessentialtothefunctioningofa democraticorder,thepressshall,asaninstitution,enjoy legalprotectiontoensureitsoperationalindependence anditscapacitytoentertaindiverseopinions. 5.AnymediafinancedbyorunderthecontroloftheState shallbeoperatedinamannerensuringitscapacityto entertaindiversityintheexpressionofopinion. 6.Theserightscanbelimitedonlythroughlawswhichare guidedbytheprinciplethatfreedomofexpressionand informationcannotbelimitedonaccountofthecontent oreffectofthepointofviewexpressed.Legallimitations canbelaiddowninordertoprotectthewell-beingofthe youth,andthehonourandreputationofindividuals.Any propagandaforwaraswellasthepublicexpressionof opinionintendedtoinjurehumandignityshallbe prohibitedbylaw. 7.Anycitizenwhoviolatesanylegallimitationsonthe exerciseoftheserightsmaybeheldliableunderthelaw. .Article30 TheRightofAssembly,DemonstrationandPetition 1.Everyonehastherighttoassembleandtodemonstrate togetherwithotherspeaceablyandunarmed,andto petition.Appropriateregulationsmaybemadeinthe interestofpublicconveniencerelatingtothelocationof open-airmeetingsand'therouteofmovementofdemons- tratorsor,fortheprotectionofdemocraticrights,public moralityandpeaceduringsuchameetingordemons- tration. 2.,Thisrightdoesnotexemptfromliabilityunderlaws enactedtoprotectthewell-beingoftheyouthorthe honourandreputationofindividulas,andlaws prohibitinganypropagandaforwarandanypublic expressionofopinionsintendedtoinjurehumandignity. Article31 FreedomofAssociation Everypersonhastherighttofreedomofassociationforany causeorpurpose.Organizationsformed,inviolationof appropriatelaws,ortoillegallysubverttheconstitutional order,orwhichpromotesuchactivitiesareprohibited. Article32 FreedomofMovement 1.AnyEthiopianorforeignnationallawfullyinEthiopia has,withinthenationalterritory,therighttolibertyof movementandfreedomtochoosehisresidence,aswell asthefreedomtoleavethecountryatanytimehewishes to. 2.AnyEthiopiannationalhastherighttoreturntohis country. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1Jt"Hi~1.t-A);MT;IlL",-liTeIi)dd'LI~ 4>, Iiln'-r- FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121stAugust1995-Page11 h,)"'1\.nf -- ffl. .., ~.'tODi1"'~ Ii. 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O'libA fib.., P'CIi"'~I\f;,1'ODiaC1'tD-I\"7.L?~;Jl1;FsP"f 'htD-:"'i"f"7.(a1'ib..,A.mlf)f;,~I\AI: ~- f;,Uib1OD,)"'P'.'tf..,A 'h'i"fo.+(al1ib..,')O+ODl\h+ O+h&.ta~9'~L:I"1:O'f;,"7'i"'~mf;,9""O'libfte"fCho)"f OD(al.'tOD.';1.'t')hf;,hl\hA9"":11fC"U~OCh..,f;,m(a'i"A:I h')+1\.nl: -- f(\"'~ODl1.'t Ii- (\.,.~f;,UCh1OD'}"'P'-rOhl;J1If)TtD-0D1)"'~1'0 :l"9'~OODm+9""l11:hm')p."f;JC'hh-AODl1-r hl\TtD-:1 I.C\.,.~OltUib1OD,)"'P':"0+1.~11tD-OD(al-r0;J11;F hm')p.~;JC'hh-AODl1-rhl\TtD-:1 r.(\.,.~00:1'~~.'t'i"OA~~-rOOD:1'f:1'TtD-f1.l(a'lTtD-') f:1'~h:"Ciah"'9"".'ttD-ia1'0"7ia1'l-rf;,U:"Cia'h')JL:1'l 9""I\TtD-O+Q;)."7~f1:;J~'hC9""~9'~+m:l""7.fODIf') ODl1.'thl\TtD-::OltUOh-Af"7.m(a~-r'hC"'~9'"flil\"7 07'I\-I:ta'e.0"7..,0&.1f.'i"01\.fI'i"7.1'eODiafl"f'h')JLV-9"" OOD')"'P'.'t'h'i" O..,A '''*IfU~tD-ia1'(\.,."fhm')p."f;JC O'hh-A~-r+m.';.';~'i"".l}:1't..'h')JLIf).1\"71:l'"'h')JL~A A~.'th-l-rI\ODiam-r~tD-:1 §.(\.,.~hO):( 'libA+1\iJ'ifODI\"':"ODl1:1'TtD-')OD') "'P'.'t"7iahOChl\O-r:1 c\"'~1 f"7.Q;).ck).mf;,9"" Ohtal\TtD-mf;,9""OhiJ9""C'hTtD-I\f;,~-rf"7.1iah-r/\- Cho)~.mo)~'i"A"7P.~f+hl\h/\-'i"TtD-:1 Article33 RightsofNationality 1.NoEthiopiannationalshallbedeprivedofhisorher Ethiopiannationalityagainsthisorherwill.Marriageof anEthiopiannationalofeithersextoaforeignnational shallnotannulhisorherEthiopiannationality. 2.EveryEthiopiannationalhastherighttotheenjoymentof allrights,protectionandbenefitsderivedfromEthiopian nationalityasprescribedbylaw. 3.AnynationalhastherighttochangehisEthiopian nationality. 4.Ethiopiannationalitymaybeconferreduponforeignersin accordancewithlawenactedandproceduresestablished consistentwithinternationalagreementsratifiedby Ethiopia. Article34 Marital,PersonalandFamilyRights 1.Menandwomen,withoutanydistinctionastorace, nation,nationalityorreligion,whohaveattained marrigeableageasdefinedbylaw,havetherighttomarry andfoundafamily.Theyhaveequalrightswhileentering into,duringmarriageandatthetimeofdivorce.Laws shallbeenactedtoensuretheprotectionofrightsand interestsofchildrenatthetimeofdivorce. 2.Marriageshallbeenteredintoonlywiththefreeandfull consentoftheintendingspouses. 3.Thefamilyisthenaturalandfundamentalunitofsociety andisentitledtoprotectionbysocietyandtheState. 4.Inaccordancewithprovisionstobespecifiedbylaw,a lawgivingrecognitiontomarriageconcludedunder systemsofreligiousorcustomarylawsmaybeenacted. 5.ThisConstitutionshallnotprecludetheadjudicationof disputesrelatingtopersonalandfamilylawsinaccor- dancewithreljgiousorcustomarylaws,withtheconsent ofthepartiestothedispute.Particularsshallbedeter- minedbylaw. . Article35 RightsofWomen 1.Womenshall;intheenjoymentofrightsandprotections providedforbythisConstitution,haveequalrightwith men. 2.Womenhaveequalrightswithmeninmarriageas prescribedbythisConstitution. 3.Thehistoricallegacyofinequalityanddiscrimination sufferedbywomeninEthiopiatakenintoaccount, women,inordertoremedythislegacy,areentitledto affirmativemeasures.Thepurposeofsuchmeasuresshall betoprovidespecialattentiontowomensoastoenable themcompeteandparticipateonthebasisofequality withmeninpolitical,socialandeconomiclifeaswellas inpublicandprivateinstitutions. 4.TheStateshallenforcetherightofwomentoeliminatethe influencesofharmfulcustoms.Laws,customsand practicesthatoppressorcausebodilyormentalharmto womenareprohibited. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1~'I~~lo&.IA~;J&"";J11.t'J"f,,:,.f:e;flTc.'~h"'"f 6. 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O)fJ)T h'l'&.9>"ffnO?~OIJ..!lDf.9"floo:l::l:OIJ..!.,.:l:qo";f' fO?:,.r;.:noo'}'1p"1'hC.&;;rf«t!f:1-lDllJ.,."ffnoo'} °1P':'-lDf.9"nOlAh~t\O?~.+'}.,.:l:qo"flDil'ff0lJ..11- OJllJ.,."fhh-Pct9>"f.,.t\f."'~00!11ht\flT~:: !!.h;J.n:F~61!'f"'lDt\J;.,fi'le;Tn;J11:Fh"'lDt\J;.,fi'le;T ;JChit.A0011Th"T~ :: ?;.OO'}olP'Tt\h~t\O?~.+'}A~'fn:p!f.C'1"T-PA :: n'l-~&.:FfOlJ..!f.'1,n.1-'}P'C'}TfO?_!oo:F~e;fOlJ..! il4.~h'}~v-9"f.U'}":J-T~'}e;T9"UC;rT~'}fOlJ..! 1..9"J;."':l:qo"fh'}~oo(a~1:!n~;r;rA:: (a)Womenhavetherighttomaternityleavewithfull pay.Thedurationofmaternityleaveshallbe determinedbylawtakingintoaccountthenatureof thework,thehealthofthemotherandthewell- beingofthechildandfamily. (b)Maternityleavemay,inaccordancewiththe provisionsoflaw,includeprenata11eavewithfull pay. Womenhavetherighttofullconsultationinthe formulationofnationaldevelopmentpolicies,thedesig- ningandexecutionofprojects,andparticularlyinthe caseofprojectsaffectingtheinterestsofwomen. 7.Womenhavetherighttoacquire,administer,control,use andtransferproperty.Inparticular,theyhaveequalrights withmenwithrespecttouse,transfer,administrationand controlofland.Theyshallalsoenjoyequaltreatmentin theinheritanceofproperty. 8.Womenshallhavearighttoequalityinemployment, promotion,pay,andthetransferofpensionentitlements. 9.Topreventharmarisingfrompregnancyandchildbirth andinordertosafeguardtheirhealth,womenhavethe rightofaccesstofamilyplanningeducation,information andcapacity. Article36 RightsofChildren 1.Everychildhastheright: (a)Tolife; (b)Toanameandnationality; (c)Toknowandbecaredforbyhisorherparentsor legalguardians; (d)Nottobesubjecttoexploitativepractices,neitherto berequirednorpermittedtoperformworkwhich maybehazardousorharmfultohisorhereducation, healthorwell-being; (e)Tobefreeofcorporalpunishmentorcrueland inhumanetreatmentinschoolsandotherinstitutions responsibleforthecareofchildren. 2.Inallactionsconcerningchildrenundertakenbypublic andprivatewelfareinstitutions,courtsoflaw,adminis- trativeauthoritiesorlegislativebodies,theprimary considerationshallbethebestinterestsofthechild. 3.Juvenileoffendersadmittedtocorrectiveorrehabilitative institutions,andjuvenileswhobecomewardsoftheState orwhoareplacedinpublicorprivateorphanages,shallbe keptseparatelyfromadults. 4.Childrenbornoutofwedlockshallhavethesamerightsas childrenbornofwedlock. 5.TheStateshallaccordspecialprotectiontoorphansand shallencouragetheestablishmentofinstitutionswhich ensureandpromotetheiradoptionandadvancetheir welfare,andeducation. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1Jrxr~1.~A.~.?~+.?It.1fJ.,CIi~"'(&.x~ .,., xun ,.,.. FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121stAugust1995-Page13 h")"'1tc9~ ti::"ihf07..,1':"00-0:" i.",")r;:tD-riltD-O~C.('I\.lDiI")f"7..1'1tD-")~~I\ti:c.(' aTlD~rI\/\.I\Oih..,f.c;:-S~:"FAtI'f")I\+ilmtD-hitA f07:t-l-o'itD-It1lD~rti:c.('f07..,1':"00-0:"hl\tD-:1 I.OtLUh")"'1t")o-hh")"'1tIi f+OOl\h+tD-")tD-"1lD~r ti:c.('I v)",")r;:tD-r",...ocfh'1I\rf:")f;1tolD~rf..,A ...:t-rOOOlDhA. 1\)",")r;:tD-")r0-.('")lD~r+oo,,"~...:,,'1"11\:ftD-") il9»'ff"7..lDhA .., I\iI-oID~rfo-.('")h'1A foomf:t-'i f07..,,.:,, 00-0:"hl\tD-II h")"'1tc9:!; foorlT'ifoooolT00-0:" i.",")r;:tD-rh.:"f"A-l«ftJ.;J0.,.1\'1".onc.O-oth.C. O-oth.lil-o.OJ':J-.mt")*.OV~'r:".07"I\-I:itlD~r O/\.I\hOOl\ith:"lD~rO/\.I\h*rl\~f+ooill+A~~:" "~~l"'O:"f"7..h+ft-:"oo-o-fThft-:"I v)O+...:J-~'i O~,~:,.oooltl'f:ftD-+lDitf"Th"7it :-s~:,. 0;"11-0 .,...c;~hh+.c;~cfoo"+ti:. 1\)".('''7.tD-!:!;'00:''lI.'l"1\Oih..,00 ill:"foorlT' th)O"7'i:ftD-rfoo")..,F:"~lJrOf1.tJ.tD-O"7..it¥.(' rc6li).foorlT'ifoooolTIIrC~tD-o-ft- h+ti:.Oo-ft-r~boA~:"I\~f+ooill+'iO"7..h...c .('r"hiltl'fT00toQJ:L:Jt~")O~,~:,.f"7..1A JtO:" "''''':'''i f"7..ilT00"")hl\O:"I: I.07"I\-I:it.('C:E--fT'OlPto+7fT.0")"'.('.OhlP~9»T'i n""'l ",...0to:"1\+,,:,. t.':.('C:E-rf:f"7..m~"'tD-")m:"1\1\ 'i A~fh'1A~:"ooh~C:"f"7..1":1.1\"7")~tD-riltD-0ti:I\1rf: h'1Afoo.,")oo-orf:f+hOl011"")hl\O:":: r.OtLUh")"'1t")o-hh")"'1tIO+OOl\hrf::".('C:E-"'T tD-h... I\:)I\~~:"f1:J-9»Tf"7.it¥~rC~9'T~''i1-..'l"htoll.lce O.,~00")1.('~~"'''7ft- :: §.ftLUh")"'1t")o-hh")+1tI~'ir.('");11.9'Tfih1l-o") T:t-ril4-'11\0-1:J-f"7.~bo~hh"~.('lhOih"'1 ce .('C:E-"'TI\~+~"'''7.~"'ift- :: h")+Y\c9i} f-oth.C"T.-oth.lilf1T.ih1lf1T00-0:" Ii."7")r;:tD-rfh.:"f"A-1-0th.C.-oth.lil-o. ih"-ofto""") ".('AOto""foomil")~hhOD1")mA11\tD-oo-orf:0"7'i :ftD-rooAbol1\1~-of+mO.,.~tD-II I."7")r;:tD-rfh.:"f"A-l-oth.C.-oth.lil-o.ih1l-oml: ")*tD-fOO'i1C.fOD"'ti:.*")*tD-")f"7"~'"7..'i'1ihl\-") fOD"'I\1t.M~OC'if"7h4-4-:"~")Jlo-r:J-~bo")foo") h'1h-O011-0:"hl\tD-I: r.",")r;:tD-rfh.:"f"kl-oth.C.-oth.lil-o.ih1l-oto""") f"7"'+.c;"C"...ft-00"":"hl\tD-::~uOIl:"-oth.~. -oth.lilo-.ih1l0-Oil~lO:"ODAh,r.('cto""")f"7.1h +.c;.('CO:"oo")"'F:J-ce+!1:"7:"f"7**r7..")Jlo-r OhAA'i04..1-..toAhh+.c;"C"TtD-hT"7.tJ'icetD-hA'i f",..,1':"011-0:"")lm:J'AI\A:1 Article37 RightofAccesstoJustice 1.Everyonehastherighttobringajusticiablematterto,and toobtainadecisionorjudgementby,acourtoflaworany othercompetentbodywithjudicialpower. 2.Thedecisionorjudgementreferredtoundersub-Article1 ofthisArticlemayalsobesoughtby: (a)AnyassociationrepresentingtheCollectiveor individualinterestofitsmembers;or (b)Anygrouporpersonwhoisamemberof,or representsagroupwithsimilarinterests. Article38 TheRighttoVoteandtobeElected 1.EveryEthiopiannational,withoutanydiscrimination basedoncolour,race,nation,nationality,sex,language, religion,politicalorotheropinionorotherstatus,hasthe followingrights: (a)Totakepartintheconductofpublicaffairs,directly andthroughfreelychosenrepresentatives; (b)Ontheattainmentof-18yearsofage,tovotein accordancewithlaw; (c)Tovoteandtobeelectedatperiodicelectionstoany officeatanylevelofgovernment;electionsshallbe byuniversalandequalsuffrageandshallbeheldby secretballot,guaranteeingthefreeexpressionofthe willoftheelectors. 2.Therightofeveryonetobeamemberofhisownwillina politicalorganization,labourunion,tradeorganization, oremployers'orprofessionalassociationshallberespec- tedi{heorshemeetsthespecialandgeneralrequirements stipalatedbysuchorganization. 3.Electionstopositionsofresponsibilitywithinanyofthe organizationsreferredtoundersub-Article2ofthis Articleshallbeconductedinafreeanddemocratic manner. 4.Theprovisionsofsub-Articles2and3ofthisArticleshall applytocivicorganizationswhichsignificantlyaffectthe publicinterest. Article39 RightsofNations,Nationalities,andPeoples 1.EveryNation,NationalityandPeopleinEthiopiahasan unconditionalrighttoself-determination,includingthe righttosecession. 2.EveryNation,NationalityandPeopleinEthiopiahasthe righttospeak,towriteandtodevelopitsownlanguage; toexpress,todevelopandtopromoteitsculture;andto preserveitshistory. 3.EveryNation,NationalityandPeopleinEthiopiahasthe righttoafullmeasureofself-governmentwhichincludes therighttoestablishinstitutionsofgovernmentinthe territorythatitinhabitsandtoequitablerepresentationin stateandFederalgovernments. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1~Hit..f-o&.A,~:J&"";>,l.llJl.1:9"6 iLY.1CJ:; 00)ft..lot-fto001..,,,.,:"0011mfto1t\OOlmtD-lIth.Ct 'fl,h.l(}11lDf,9"ih1f119"hC0.:" ".,AtlJ.,.1iL/it lh.fl: lP)fliho,fltllJ.lD(}~tD-oo(}l:"f111l:"hCJ:CJ:AiL1.l.., ~tD-:: ?;.fltLtJih1001..,,,.,:"tD-itT"11th.CtlIth.l(}11tih1fll" OI/t\:"hILtJ"'1'f\of+1t\RtD-1I1tJCf,ftllJ./ltf,OI/..,fll(}l1 ~tD-::(14-/t\f;JI,.ml1f,ftllJ.!1RI1C""l1ihAlDf,9" .f'ooltltf,A9"f."f/ItTtD-:t\...,11{tfl:"ftllJ."fftofl:"f;Jt- *1* /ItTtD-tf;Jt-lDf,9"f+tfoo1.ihAtD-e;"'t\111t\tD- ftllJ./9"~.: f""~ APe; "'11:"1:" /ItTtD-e;fl"'11tfi1tD- fl+//HooAh~9"1:C fOl/.tj~e;TtD-:: "'1'" 1\'!j f1'fll:"0011:" www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K'Xl;t..fot.l\~;1t"";1,1f1l1Hifif%q.9".. FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121stAugust1995-Page15 'to 1P/1eri\.Tf-kf«£O,..AO-l:IOJy,er011"(1-OOUI..T"y, t\0IJ.1~11OJ«cJ:0IJ.11IlTOJy,ert\OIJ.f~C1OJ«cJ:0IJ.ou7i7iA OD-~OU1lTht\OJ«::Y,UOU1lTfoui"i'1'Ifout\OJ'1'I flP/OJ«lilIfoul..T1-1Il:J>OIJ.~-I:flcJ:l'1'111l-l:1 fIP/11}TI11t\0':1~~-I:1fIP/tfOJCOJy,erfill}h~ffOUlllf~ ou1lT1fI1T;f'A::1IC1fCh~.~U~OD-O,'h"ly,OJlI.e;A:: f"lA111lTl1t\o.T~TOU1lTh1~1-1Il0~lflftou1 "lr'Tt\,'h1111'1'~erhil~-"1.lflfflf110J«1-ouflJflJ:'; 111}O~Y:OIJ.foouh~Af"lA111lT1t\ouOJ«lI.Y: Y,"f"A:: ~. h1~'"~li fi\.1'1lfOlJ.IflP/..,o~«£e;fl1,'hAOU1l.y."f Ii .1P/1~OJ«eri\.Tf-kf«£0U1 {; -I:OJ«il'1' OIP/1~OJ«er fi\.1'1lflP/.h1~il:J>""foull.lP/~Te;t\OU1-.&;~{;fOJ«foul. 1Il0J«1r'~four'II'Tou1lTht\OJ«:: ~ .V-~er i\.''''f'kf«£ou 1-'&;~. (;fOJ«1t r' ~0J«1e;OD-fOJ«1 fouerl'1'OU1lTht\OJ«:: [.fi\.Tf-A'fU1"fv-t\:.OOU1"lr'T11"1100lJ.11~~ IP/"'O~«£h1A"lftn.y."fOhh-A~Tfoulll~erou1lT h" TOJ«:: Q'OU1"lr'TfmSIfTerUCTe;Ibftn"fflP/"'O~«£h1A"lftn .y."f1t\,'h1111t\1P/~l.'0Of1.'f.OJ«hf{;Q.oulfOlJ.~Y:U1IT Y,ouY:I1A:: ~.ou1"lr"'"fhl1Ahe;fh/Jerr:,...&;1-q."f1Ihl.;J«£f11e; ft\m,,'f:OJy,erft\hl}.&;1.f~~,'h'le;T1t\1P/cJ:cJ:erc; t\OUC'&;TfU1{;-I:fi\.1'1lfOlJ.h~erO~~~OJ«~ljfh1h '0110.f.V~C;JA:: i' OU1"lr"'"t\r'~h(J1"fe;t\"f"'lq."fr'~t\OU~lIlC fOlJ.fil"fATt\.flY,h1-"A:h1Jtv-er0OIJ.fl1'l~0J« fr'11'"C~OJ«il'1'fr'11'/JY:At\OU~lIlCfr'~Tr:"l~ qu"f1fmflJAITr:~h.y."f1fl1~'&;A:: 'toOU1"lr"'"t1.1"f1Il:J>1P/.r'11'flP/"l1T/JY:"TOJ«hfll.4. h1Jt~Y:t\1P/Y:l."lhil~"1.hCerjf9'"f1Y,OJil.&;A:: . ~.101..9'"fC; ""1 i\.Tf'kfOJ«f1Of1.UOJ«hf1-7i7it\flP/. ~Y:~r:t\oulfCflP/.fil"f"TOJ«C;t\erCT11~l."'Thil1- tp"'/..;JC1-ouflJflJ:';flr~1-10.tp;Jt\erCTOJ«{f]..y.Y:TOJ« flP/"l'Y'1'ou1lTh"~~OJ«::OU1"lr"'"fi\.1'1lfOlJ.tflP/..,O II' «£e; fA IP/T7't\.fl9'1~10OIJ.1-Aer0T1.U0H.Ul}"1P/ ououll'.1.ht\OT:: !t.ou1"lr':"fl1,'hAc,"f;h~h~C{\"f1fou1hl1h1le;t\r'~'1' 01le;t\il7~CTOUiltj~4-.Thil1-tp/JPflP/Y:l."l ~"k~T ht\OT:: i',1~ '" Pie flPll'-I.q."fOU1lT Ii' U)f4.'O{;I1e;fh1A"'l\o..,.lPll'1-q."fI101..9'"fIfhcif IPII'.,.q.1':lbl\o1'f111lClPll'1-q."fIh1-OJlI.~ f~"~.~T~ljfO;J."fft\:.e;fr'II'1Ill1fTOJ«fOlJ.~~ y.'''~~0J«fOU1"lr'TlPll'1-q."ffr'~e;fi\.1'1lflP/. V-kJ'9'"f1t\1P/"li7iAOIP/..,OCfOUY.~~TOU1lT h"~~OJ«::y,uOU'OTflP~1-~1P/"'0~T1e;Ibftn"f 1P/..,0/1'T1flP/~/I'~f.TIhhlP{;9'"fe;'1'~IP/T0J«1 hlP/.~h-Ibftn"fY.~c"f:i~"f;JCfouY.~~COU1lT1 fl1:";f'A:: 7.EveryEthiopianshallhavethefullrighttotheimmovable propertyhebuildsandtothepermanentimprovementshe bringsaboutonthelandbyhislabourorcapital.This rightshallincludetherighttoalienate,tobequeath,and, wheretherightofuseexpires,toremovehisproperty, transferhistitle,orclaimcompensationforit.Particulars shallbedeterminedbylaw. 8.Withoutprejudicetotherighttoprivateproperty,the governmentmayexpropriateprivatepropertyforpublic purposessubjecttopaymentinadvanceofcompensation commensuratetothevalueoftheproperty. Article41 Economic,SocialandCulturalRights 1.EveryEthiopianhastherighttoengagefreelyin economicactivityandtopursuealivelihoodofhischoice anywherewithinthenationalterritory. 2.EveryEthiopianhastherighttochoosehisorhermeansof livelihood,occupationandprofession. 3.EveryEthiopiannationalhastherighttoequalaccessto publiclyfundedsocialservices. 4.TheStatehastheobligationtoallocateeverincreasing resourcestoprovidetothepublichealth,educationand othersocialservices. 5.TheStateshall,withinavailablemeans,allocateresources toproviderehabilitationandassistancetothephysically andmentallydisabled,theaged,andtochildrenwhoare leftwithoutparentsorguardian. 6.TheStateshallpursuepolicieswhichaimtoexpandjob opportuniti~sfortheunemployedandthepoorandshall accordinglyundertakeprogrammesandpublicworks projects. 7.TheStateshallundertakeallmeasuresnecessaryto increaseopportunitiesforcitizenstofindgainfulem- ployment. 8.Ethiopianfarmersandpastoralistshavetherightto receivefairpricesfortheirproducts,thatwouldleadto improvementintheirconditionsoflifeandtoenable themtoobtainanequitableshareofthenationalwealth commensuratewiththeircontribution.Thisobjective shallguidetheStateintheformulationofeconomic , socialanddevelopmentpolicies. 9.TheStatehastheresponsibilitytoprotectandpreserve historicalandculturallegacies,andtocontributetothe promotionoftheartsandsports. 1.(a) Article42 RightsofLabour Factoryandserviceworkers,farmers,farmlabourers, otherruralworkersandgovernmentemployees whoseworkcompatibilityallowsforitandwhoare belowacertainlevelofresponsibility,havetheright toformassociationstoimprovetheirconditionsof employmentandeconomicwell-being.Thisright includestherighttoformtradeunionsandother associationstobargaincollectivelywithemployers orotherorganizationsthataffecttheirinterests. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P '/?'!:,!,tI..~.t.t:\~:Jt,} ?IL"I''''re?i ~1.'(II)l',t'OOl\h1:""I'lvlr"';;:het:I\."f F' /.. "'I''''''''', {,Q.""{~TI..;J'r{J}<", 1'''7f1''7'''' oo-fH t.IVt:{J}<,: d1){no,it t.","''''' (II)},c,'(I\)uPfll.""'hm':"<;Ill'f..} uP.fI-I'."f l\uPiIl"'''''I'°,/."ftr''''flID","1F"'"lP/,..t-7f'"f fl,).°1y,mfl<;I\':: uP){I.-I";1"lPlr't-?';';'j-/\-t,oollllY, F'lr .t,oollllY,hlj:Y 1'''7°rr.}uP'fI;F':w"I"hnfl'" ~{J}<:: 1~'lr.t-7f'''''''flt.°lllfl'l'.t'OJfI~I'F'I;' fll}.} f)l.et:'''' J1'00 '11<;:;''I.II. :flI'1.lL{J}<:'"f: .\'.ooOJ'IIl'''7.h6.AIl~:w'I';''''II'n fll}".} 'hV;'v-"" m,,<;"7<; t,Y.:J I''''IN'.eitl'F'/'.t,t)IH1,I''''I''11''''uP'fI"" t.,,:f{J}<:: },~llU'} OD'fI-I"1''/'°1'11r'P.l\"7f.:l."1I'''7.wm';"'11' flltU t,}<1>""",o'itt.",<1>""~uPfll.'''''h{J}<:"<; ,1'11-'''''',t1D-fH"1' lIY,"''',fI.N'mfI''''' (}y,H' 1'11'/,."';;:"'I..,fl/,.""iII\"7.** OO-fl""<;,I'.:I/..Y:ef.:eitl\"7.I1't~'n""F'Cl}""y,Y.~"1;JI\':: 1:' t,H'1.'0;1' I'A"'/'}uP-fl"" {i' 1'h..H'A'.1";"'11f1"fflt.iIl."'''Y,'''' If~nh.,"'r-A-,I',l'ho 'fI,h,C.'.}',:.nd1.l.fI{J".}',: 'h'ml".1"n.t-<;mAn.eV-);;t' J':{D"} 1''''1 ,'ii\'A lj 1'''7,1'*c'r'h.I":'I''''1''''I°rr..,.uP-fl,"'r{J}< I"hnn",',w' :: 1I.1"fn'fI,h./'.'P.A"'I''''l'lIDlI.t'lj:fI.,.I\Y,""t.IlAI'If~fl""", "'I..,fll.fI'fI 1'''7. uP1\h":/'l\..fl.9'1'<;TC::f.h-l'."f"y,IIlIIl ~:{J}<",'h",.ltflm.l'uPml':" uP.fl.}t."r{J}<:: lID'}OIF"} lI'MII" t"t'l':' Y.I.~'1''''I.11J~:{J}1.'.ij 1: F'C'H'llD",°IP"'" 1't...''''I''A'!b...I!../,.I\'P.J.'..'l°h/..fl.,I''P. 'ID","II";t.;J'e"o,/:} ;"'P.~lD':: /.T'fll\..h F'C'H (b)Categoriesofpersonsreferredtoinparagraph(a)of thissub-Articlehavetherighttoexpressgrievances, includingtherighttostrike. (c)Governmentemployeeswhoenjoytherights providedunderparagraphs(a)and(b)ofthissub- Articleshallbedeterminedbylaw. (d)Womenworkershavetherighttoequalpayforequal work. 2.Workershavetherighttoreasonablelimitationof workinghours,torest,toleisure,toperiodicleaveswith pay,toremunerationforpublicholidaysaswellas healthyandsafeworkenvirpnment. 3.Withoutprejudicetotherightsrecognizedundersub- ArticleIofthisArticle,lawsenactedfortheimplemen- tationofsuchrightsshallestablishproceduresforthe formationoftradeunionsandfortheregulationofthe collectivebargainingprocess. Article43 TheRighttoDevelopment I.ThePeoplesofEthiopiaasawhole,andeachNation, NationalityandPeopleinEthiopiainparticularhavethe righttoimprovedlivingstandardsandtosustainable development. 2.Nationalshavetherighttoparticipateinnational developmentand,inparticular,tobeconsultedwith respecttopoliciesandprojectsaffectingtheircom- munity. 3.Allinternationalagreementsandrelationsconcluded, establishedorconductedbytheStateshallprotectand ensureEthiopia'srighttosustainabledevelopment. 4.Thebasicaimofdevelopmentactivitiesshallbeto enhancethecapacityofcitizensfordevelopementandto meettheirbasicneeds. Article44 EnvironmentalRights I.Allpersonshavetherighttoacleanandhealthy environment. 2.Allpersonswhohavebeendisplacedorwhoselivelihoods havebeenadverselyaffectedasaresultofStateprogram- meshavetherighttocommensuratemonetaryoralter- nativemeansofcompensation,includingrelocationwith adequateStateassistance. CHAPTERFOUR STATESTRUCTURE Article45 Formof'Government TheFederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopiashallhavea parliamentarianformofgovernment. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1~11,~~t.t\~;Jt-r;JIL"111 {/D{/D IIIt' ., w- " h14'K'"i~ f/.,.Yv/rA{/D1"1r.-t'Milt' Ii' fh.H'k,/.,.YvtA'CYv'f"\1/rIt,'C tTlIc\.\1Milt' f"'l.h-t".t' e;:fw- " ii' H"1/rS'>hAA ~.fh4.ChAA [,fh07/r\1AA g'fM.':"'l.' \1AA ~.ffl-"'1lt.\1AA }.f0.17i1...A/1I\1AA '1.' f1.o-11l1,h.~"f IlI,h.l(\(\"fe;;"1I(\"f\1AA t.f;1?"o.II;"11(\"f\1AA U' ftltU;"1111\1AA jI.1ltt.1Ih14>K'10-11h14>K'iif-t{/D/\h1:t'\1AI\-"fw-lI'I' - f-t\1-t1:t'1I,h.~"fI11"':l(\(\"f ' ;"1I(1"fIlO71;;:w-?" 2. 'UL ff{,.lt:fw-1\1AAf071:1:?"{/D1It'M:fw- " [.f"'11;;:w-?"lI,h.CI'll,h.l(\l1 ' ;"1111f/rfl-1hAA f{/D{/DlIlt'(/D11t'P"l..'IS'> f"'l.w-/\w- ; 0)f'iJAA (/D{/D1Ilt' 'I' ,?" 11;"110-?"\1C0.t'11 "'/\ t' V'lI-t;;:1:?"II -t4'11Mt' 07"111:Itl;1'1'l'e;'I' ,?" ;"1111;"1111w- it); It,f./r1: ' . tit)hAA f{/D{/DlIlt' 'I' ,?";"110-;"1111w-it);Ilhllll""l1:?"II1t1.'11f:; (/D) fhAI\-?"\1Co.t' P"AIfJ.,.1/\mf4'W-11,h.CI 'O,h.l(\11OJS'>?" ;"1I11It,lIlhll ; w)0;"1111w-it);f"'l..tmlw-h"lllhAA'1',<1: O7:"l11it,lI.tA'1W-04''I';t-fh.H'k,/.,.Yv/rll'C Yv.,.,\1/rIt,'CtTlIc\.hhilA1t11'1 .,w- " g'fh.H'k,kYv/r"'CYv'f"\1I..It''CtT'Ilc\.hMllt''hb-A {/D11t'e;P"A1fJ1hll:fw- " h14'K'"it fhM/\A/\w-tO"f ii' fhAf\o"f1OJ(\1Il"'l.{/D/\ht''1',<1: f-t.,it'h11.11''' II~ Il"'l.{/D/\h;t-:fw-\1AI\-"f lI?,,?,,"t'S'>.t'l."'1A " f"'l.{/D/\h ;t-:fw-\1AI\-"f {/D1ID7D7t'\1A:FI\-f /"'f../" 11.,.?"\1C0.t' f;"1I1I1h(\4..tCe;If:II1t'{/D(\lt'IlO71:l"1S'>OJlIe;A ,I ~.0tt.1Ih14'K'10-11h14'K'ii {/Di\lt'f4'lll 11,.ho-/\t' '}{/Dt'IlAOI\m1.tLw-1I'I'Ilkf../" 11.,.?"\1co.t' f (/D(;I;\,l7iw-it);S'>(\'l'0;t-A " Article46 StatesoftheFederation 1.TheFederalDemocraticRepublicshaHcompriseof States. 2.StatesshaHbedelimitedonthebasisofthesettlement patterns,language,identityandconsentofthepeople concerned. Article47 MemberStatesoftheFederalDemocraticRepublic 1.MemberStatesoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicof Ethiopiaarethefollowing: 1)TheStateofTigray 2)TheStateofMar 3)TheStateofAmhara 4)TheStateofOromia 5)TheStateofSomalia 6)TheStateofBenshanguUGumuz 7)TheStateoftheSouthernNations,Nationalitiesand Peoples 8)TheStateoftheGambelaPeoples 9)TheStateoftheHarariPeople Nations,NationalitiesandPeopleswithintheStates enumeratedin'sub-Article1ofthisarticlehavetheright toestablish,atanytime,theirownStates. 3.TherightofanyNation,NationalityorPeopletoformits ownstateisexercisableunderthefollowingprocedures: (a)Whenthedemandforstatehoodhasbeenapproved byatwo-thirdsmajorityofthemembersofthe CounciloftheNation,NationalityorPeopleconcer- ned,andthedemandispresentedinwritingtothe StateCouncil; (b)WhentheCouncilthatreceivedthedemandhas organizedareferendumwithinoneyeartobeheldin theNation,NationalityorPeoplethatmadethe demand; (c)Whenthedemandforstatehoodissupportedbya majorityvoteinthereferendum; (d)WhentheStateCouncilwillhavetransferredits powerstotheNation,NationalityorPeoplethat madethedemand;and (e)WhenthenewStatecreatedbythereferendum withoutanyneedforapplication,directlybecomesa memberoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicof Ethiopia. 4.MemberStatesoftheFederalDemocraticRepublicof Ethiopiashallhaveequalrightsandpowers. Article48 StateBorderChanges 1.AllStateborderdisputesshallbesettledbyagreementof theconcernedStates.WheretheconcernedStatesfailto reachagreement,thel,IouseoftheFederationshalldecide suchdisputesonthebasisofsettlementpatternsandthe wishesofthepeoplesconcerned. 2.TheHouseofFederationshall,withinaperiodoftwo years,renderafinaldecisiononadisputesubmittedtoit pursuanttosub-ArticleIofthisArt:;:;1e. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 'IX'Ii4..Y.t.A~;lt'1';lIL"1'111'C:?i ~,h(LI?;1>1:uni!'~'H". h'}4'7\"i!1 eMh+<"1 FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121"August1995 - Page18 fi' f~Y..IAt.oo'}"1l1TeMhT"'1h"tllhOIl~ID-:1 g.fM.lIMilhT"'1M1"H'.et-,,"'}Ot-,,"f"'1l1T.I\~C oo-lrP'Ann f.<:l.'PA ::11C1I~0:t."1 f.(/J(t<;A:: (, fh.ltllhOllh+<"1hllT.I\~CTtn~"1:h~Y..t-lroP'} "IP"}f.tr<;A:: ~,fh.ltllhOIl"'P~9':fOILU "'1 oo'}"IP'TOT~"111D" oo{\l.TO~Y..t-lrf"'1I'O T(/Jqr-:f9"hcIl.Tf.(/JMh':: f,'fM':"'1..!nAA ; fh",A"li1"Th:"C(1'}(/Jf.9"fTIt-r~ tHIThtn:J'9",}<;fooi't(tlrT'}.,..I\r-:fOToohhTt },'}.ltIJ-9"h.ltllh~1l0"~"'1..! hAAooVAf"'l.1~ 000"'"f"'1.."{\'IJ-h"I:'}f"'1..!lITi'ti\~hi\T.I\~t-'f ",..I\f-:f'}OTOOhhT!hlD-A¥-'1':"9" J'.tnO:"h;t-A :: 11e11~ 0"'''1 f.(/J(t<;A:: 9"lJt-'t-h9"lIT fP'A~'}h(/J:J'4'c~<;h't-'t-A h'}4'7\~ MP'A~'}hql\Th(/J:J'4'C fi' fh.TN,!t,.Y..t-I\'fY..'f"ht-I'I.!'f~T-I1f1..hO~Y..t-A2. oo,}"1P'T<;OhAiI":ffT'P4'l.~ID-:: g.f~Y..t-fl'oo,}"1I"T<;hAiI":ff "'''I hID-(;!;\.~Ttf "'''I hllt.K"'1,"T<;f.l\~~TP'A~'}M:f1D-:: (. f~f"l,"fI' oo,}"1I"Th't-T:;:fl"Ant'}hqAf~Y..t-lr oo'}"1P'Tf"'1I-I1 T(/Jqr-:f 9"nCIl.T~(IJ<::Ttn~"1:9" hV1~1:"'11-11 ~ID-::fhAAh't-T;;'fl"Ant'}hqA fnAlr9"hCIl.T~ID-;Ttn~~1:9"fI(/Jhfl.1D-hAA"'11-11 ~(IJ<:: 11' hAI\":f:OhAA~T<;nAiI":fMt..I\1."'lID-0"'l.!1~ h:f1D-fhllT.I\~C~ch<::ff.'P4't-lr :: "'11ft' 011:"1':;: fMT.I\f.C~ch:f04'-r;t-f.i'tT't-"'}~ h1l:"T:;: ~Ch<::f04:I"A~,}f.l\ntA:: (;.fnAA9"nCIl.TOnAl\-I"Ant')lie II"'" .,..I\r-:ffh Afl. f"'''1hlD-'''- hqA'lID-::r.wn "'1 oo,}"1I"T oo(tl.TO"'1~l."1fhAfI',};,,',oo,}"1I"T!".?7fA I !K~:J'A :!?\'1II\A:: '[;.fhAAoollT.I\~CfnAh'h't-T:;: f"'''1 MltK"'1.. hqA ~(IJ<:: 'k' fhAAf.l\~~TI"Ant'}f't-C~Il.f-:f-I1:F'lID-:: t,.f~f"l,"fI' oo'}"1I"T<;fhAh":fP'Ant'}ntLU "'1 oP'} "IP'T"'(/JlIS:A ::h~Y..I,"lroo'}"1I"TfT{\tnlD- P'A~,}OhAiI":foohOChfl.nT:'hhAiI":ff1'(ttnlD- P'A~'}O~f"l,"fI' oo,}"1I"ToPhOChhOT:: ii' f~Y..lrAoo,}"1P'TOILtJ "'1 oo'}"1I"Th,}4'7\~~ \H.{\tn""'I"A~,}~<; '''''1Il~:f ~,}.I\i\t.l\1.~1:hhAiI":f (llD-hN;fI..(t-rf.:fl\A:: Article49 CapitalCity I.AddisAbabashallbethecapitalcityoftheFederalState, 2.TheresidentsofAddisAbabashallhaveafullmeasureof self-government.Particularsshallbedeterminedbylaw. 3.TheAdministrationofAddisAbabashallberesponsible totheFederalGovemement. 4.ResidentsofAddisAbabashallinaccordancewiththe provisionsofthisConstitution,berepresentedinthe HouseofPeoples'Representatives. 5.ThespecialinterestoftheStateofOromiainAddis Ababa,regardingtheprovisionofsocialservicesorthe utilizationofnaturalresourcesandothersimilarmatters, aswellasjointadministrativemattersarisingfromthe locationofAddisAbabawithintheStateofOromia,shall berespected.Particularsshallbedeterminedbylaw. CHAPTERFIVE THESTRUCTUREANDDIVISIONOFPOWERS Article50 Structure oftheOrgansofState 1.TheFederaldemocraticRepublicofEthiopiacomprises theFederalGovernmentandtheStatemembers. TheFederalGovernentandtheStatesshallhave legislative,executiveandjudicialpowers. 3.TheHouseofPeoples'Representativesisthehighest authorityoftheFederalGovernment.TheHouseis responsibletothePeople.TheStateCouncilisthehighest organofStateauthority.ItisresponsibletothePeopleof theState. 4.StategovernmentshallbeestablishedatStateandother. administrativelevelsthattheyfindnecessary.Adequate powershallbegrantedtothelowestunitsofgovernment toenablethePeopletoparticipatedirectlyinthe administrationofsuchunits. 5.TheStateCouncilhasthepoweroflegislationonmatters fallingunderStatejurisdiction.Consistentwiththe provisionsofthisConstitution,theCouncilhaspowerto draft,adoptandamendthestateconstitution. 6.TheStateadministrationconstitutesthehighestorganof executivepower. 7.Statejudicialpowerisvestedinitscourts. 8.FederalandStatepowersaredefinedbythisConstitution. TheStatesshallrespectthepowersoftheFederal Government.TheFederalGovernmentshalllikewise respectthepowersoftheStates. 9.TheFederalGovernmentmay,whennecessary,delegate totheStatespowersandfunctionsgrantedtoitbyArticle 51ofthisConstitution. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1Jtlit~10~-/:\.,;J&T;JnlfJ, Iitfft'i''''' FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page19 h1~1\lib --- f~Y..IrA 001..,,,.,:"".,A1f)1'i" .,...,11C b' ih1 001..,,,.,-1:1f.m11:J>A ;f.hl\hl\A:: i.frJ1~-I:1hm:J>I\f.fhJl'iOlJ.tfOlJ"'rOIr«£'i"fAOIJ:" ;rlLiLtit:"Iri::(SiJ~Y:!CDIf)A;!itL1\OIJA:1 r' fmStf:"~tJC:" tfllihA'i":f'~I'1«£~Cittfllf.1it'i" i:h'if\oj{rJ1Ch+~OOOO"t;=9'T'i"OO(}l:f'«£f;rlLiL 00/\h.!9'T1!CDIf)A;!itL1\OIJA:: ~.frJ1~-I:1f4.f.'i"1it:f11"11 tfCD-6f.hh,1ii'it:"001:" ;rlLiL9'T1'i"it:"Iri:j{9'T1!CDIf)A;!itL1\OIJA:1 ~.foo(..:"tf.,.L1'erJ11:"'i"f:f'~h~C{\Thm:J>~~'i" 'I'0:J>1 O.,.ooi\h.,.ih..,!CDIf)A:1 :&.frJ1C'i"fih1l11foohl\h!'i"f~tJ1~:"h1-'l0-9"f~Y.. irA 001..,,,.,:"f;rlLit~f.A!~Ir~A ;f.ooIrA:1 ;k11Ja.Ir«£111h1!it"'~Y:IrA ; 11"11 !:t-OIJA;f.0 ~IrA:fCD-6f.h~1"~'i"f11"11ACD-CD-1'1f.~lf)mIrA:: hAf\oThCD-it1'~1~Titi\OIJ.O~~O:"o-~:f'ih..,'i" OOOO~!!CDIf)A:1 ~.fCD-6f.h"'1j.~:";rlLiL1f.CDit'i"A ;;rlLiLCD-1~!itL 1\OIJA!~i\~h+~it~~H'-"T1f.'P'PI\A ;!RY::J>A:: y.fhfC:fllftCtfllihCoo~~..,.;f;rit:f''i''fi:"'l1,w.~ .h.7i1h1A..,f\o.y.Th1~tlo-~o-i\:"CDf.~ho-i\:"Ol\f. hAf\oT1fOlJ.!1'i"j.hCD-1r0011f.T1!it4.4.A;!it.,.~ Y:IrA ;f.~lf)mIrA:: I' i\~Y..Ir~ 001..,,,.,:" O"'(}m-:"f10.~1~ThAA °1'OC'i"~l'l'f.1'I\A:!it"'~Y:IrA ;f~1..IrA 001..,".,:,.O~:,. !l:J>A ;!RY::J>A ; !it.,.~Y:irA :1 Ili'0-/\:"CDf.~ho-i\:"Ol\f.frf).hAf\oT1fOlJ.!it"'"it~ CDf.'}"f.'10C"'7i;J~frf).CD1t1T'i"rJf.~T1hm:J>~~ f.CDit'i"A!!it"'~Y:IrA :1 I~' OhAf\oTool1hAfOlJ.~l"'1f1..,Y:"'1j.~:"'i"fCD-6f.h 1°1Y:1f.OOIrA!f.~lf)mIrAII Ir'O~Yo'"A 001..,,,.,:" 11"11f.,.**tJDJ.1OOlJ.ooi\h:"ih1T!CDIf)A:1 I:&' OrJ1~'1:Ohm:J>I\f.~lr~O"'CD(}).frJ1~-I:htt:f\oT fhit:f".\f.'lithtp~!CD-~A!h'P~1!~llA:1 I'L' fn..,.,.", 'I'!~f.CDit'i"A :1 I~-fh,~"'t..7i1'i"f;rit7'C''''!CD~rJ1Cfoo..,o.!'i"foo CD-6l>J. '''~f'T1 :iti\it~"'?fT'i"iti\;ri\-t11'I'1~~:" f.CDit'i"A:f.OOIrA:1 Ij/-f~.mlr'i"ff.'C(}:"00'0.y.T1f.L~~A;f.m11:J>A:1 ~.tl1f.'CD'}'fOOi\h.!~l~9'T'i"f'llt~ooC!CDIf)A:1 ~li' flOCoo.,,~!iti\00!1Iih..,!CDIf)A:1 li- h1+1\2~ fhAA".,A If) 1'i" .,..., 11C Oih1001..,,,.,-1: i\~1..'"i\' 001..,,,.,:"O.,.i\f.CDf.~ i\~Yolri\'001..,,,.,:"'i"i\hAf\oT0;J1rO..,A1\!A"'(}m ".,A If) 1fhAA".,A If) 1f.rf'i"A:1 Article51 PowersandFunctionsoftheFederalGovernment 1.ItshallprotectanddefendtheConstitution. 2.Itshallfonnulateandimplementthecountry'spolicies, strategiesandplansinrespectofoveralleconomic,social anddevelopmentmatters. 3.Itshallestablishandimplementnationalstandardsand basicpolicycriteriaforpublichealth,education,science andtechnologyaswellasfortheprotectionand preservationofculturalandhistoricallegacies. 4.Itshallfonnulateandexecutethecountry'sfinancial, monetaryandforeigninvestmentpoliciesandstrategies. 5.Itshallenactlawsfortheutilizationandconservationof landandothernaturalresources,historticalsitesand objects. 6.Itshallestablishandadministernationaldefenceand publicsecurityforcesaswellasafederalpoliceforce. 7.ItshalladministertheNationalBank,printandborrow money,mintcoins,regulateforeignexchangeandmoney incirculation;itshalldeterminebylawtheconditionsand tennsunderwhichStatescanborrowmoneyfrom.. internalsources. 8.Itshallfonnulateandimplementforeignpolicy;itshall negotiateandratifyinternationalagreements. 9.Itshallberesponsibleforthedevelopment,administration andregulationofair,rail,waterwaysandseatransport andmajorroadslinkingtwoormoreStates,aswellasfor postalandtelecommunicationservices. 10.Itshalllevytaxesandcollectdutiesonrevenuesources reservedtotheFederalGovernment;itshalldrawup, approveandadministertheFederalGovernment'sbud- get. 11.Itshalldetennineandadministertheutilizationofthe watersorriversandlakeslinkingtwoormoreStatesor crossingtheboundariesofthenationalterritorialjurisdic- tion. 12.Itshallregulateinter-Stateandforeigncommerce. 13.Itshalladministerandexpandallfederallyfunded institutionsthatprovideservicestotwoormoreStates. 14.Itshalldeploy,attherequestofastateadministration, Federaldefenceforcestoarrestadeterioratingsecurity situationwithintherequestingStatewhenitsauthorities areunabletocontrolit. 15.Itshallenact,inordertogivepracticaleffecttopolitical rightsprovidedforinthisConstituion,allnecessarylaws governingpoliticalpartiesandelections. 16.Ithasthepowertodeclareandtoliftnationalstateof emergencyandstatesofemergencieslimitedtocertain partsofthecountry. 17.Itshalldeteminemattersrelatingtonationality. 18.Itshalldetermineandadministerallmattersrelatingto immigration,thegrantingofpassports,entryintoandexit fromthecoutnry,refugeesandasylum. 19.Itshallpatentinventionsandprotectcopyrights. 20.Itshallestablishunifonnstandardsofmeasurementand calendar. 21.Itshallenactlawsregulatingthepossessionandbearingof anns. .Article52 PowersandFunctionsofStates 1.AllpowersnotgivenexpresslytotheFederalGovernment alone,orconcurrentlytotheFederalGovernmentandthe StatesarereservedtotheStates. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K'tt~I.~A.,:M.}-:Jtt,tlJt\1\t\; u)t-"'"}ot-'" ",...+J;1.C"}~I\'"11.1.1ht\I\'e00"'+ J;.("C1'P:"t-t\ ; fih..,fOl\f,~""fftL ~O..,.l..'fOht- ltl'eP'C~""f,1~11t\;f,U"}ih100"}"'P''''' f,m-o.cJ>t\;f,hl\hl\t\; it)f~t\t\ih1oo"}"'P'''''Cj/bt\-:fih1:f"}ImtfJt\; '''' L:tD7t\; tit)fht\lt-"}fhJ''i''7. .f"7"'Ot-'eCjft\"7""7"l\.lt. "'''''t-~~Cjb:''.(''lmtfJt\;I'''L:tD7t\; (0) f~1..t-1t-00"}"'P'''''0"7.1mtfJm-ih..,ooftl."" oo~""Cjf+LT~U-o~"}I"'+J;.("t-t\; IV)itht\It-0+mft~m-f1It9'""}1i£"ht\t\..,-0CCj;J-h... f,TI\t\;f,ftO...I1t\;fht\lt-"}01:"" ImtfJt\; ,"'L:tD7t\; I.)fht\It-"}00'"+J;.("CIVt-+7f:fh...+J;1.CCjfP't- o-).;J-sP:f0+00ith+ a..., 1mtfJt\;,"'L:tD7t\; 1f'i9'"ith"}.("fP't-001.-0f"7.1"'Lt\7-f""9'"UC"'" fp't\mCjCjft\9'".("ooooH~sP:fhhm.cJ>I\f,fU1~-f: ooooH~sP:f;lCf++t-I.~ OOlfCj:fm-")f"7I.;J1T ~I\k~""f,'iCO;J-t\II ft)fht\lt-"}f7"l\.'"~f,t\11.t-"Rt\ ;f,oot-t\Ifht\lt-"} ftl\9'"CjK'I';J-I"'m-o.cJ>t\ II 9'"bt-tt.(",. "'itd..1..t-1t-00"}..,P'''''9'"hCfl.-f:f h"}+:t~f f~1..t-t\oo"}.., P'''''9'"hCfl.-f:f f~1..t-1t-oo"}.., P'''''o-it""9'"hCfl.-f:ff,'i~;J-t\;~~ItU9'" fih1l-o+mt}r-:f9'"hCfl."" ~Cjf~1..~7i"}9'"hCfl."" Cj:fm-II htt.t\h"}.(" fa.11-0+m t}r-:f9'"hCfl."" h"}+:tIii) -- fa.11-0+mt}r-:f9'"hCfl.""h111\"" Ii-fihll-o+mt}r-:f9'"hCfl.""hfll\"";o-It-h+tt..~,. +T+~:""hht\~OIf~Cj.("9'"iJO"7."'TCO"7.ft1'O"" P'C~""Ofh9'""''''' ~ooi:Oihll-of,ool.tfJlt-II !l-f9'"hCfl.i:h111\""0h"}.("f9'"C6l8J.ht\t\m-'"Th/bt\-:f +mJ;J; ~sP:f00t} ht\h-01\6l8J..("9'"iJ111+mJ;J; ~hi'i Cj I.- 0"7.If")O'rf9'"C6l8J.P' C~..,.f,ooI.tfJIt-IIf+t\fm-ht\ Cj '''' Lt\;J:f1f't\+-0t\-f;J-oo~11:fm-he;l} -0th.1.ftp:f~ c; ih1lP:f09'"C6l8J.fih1l-f1+mt}r-:f9'"hCfl.""hl1t\ f,lfc;lt-II1IC1I~oa...,f,mftc;t\II r-f9'"hCfl.i:hl11\""ckTCfih1l-o-o.,..,."}c;ot\~""'-"'1."" m-ht\c;f"7.fttfJ:fm-hc;l}-f1th.l.ftP:fc;ihllP:f"}ckTC ooftl.""0"7.("1...,h~f~f"7f,Ot\TIf'ihH.Um-"'1' hc;l} -f1th.l.ftP:fh~f"71"}'" 00+006l8J.f,'it-TIf't\II1IC1I~ Oa...,f,1.~1;Jt\II 2.Consistentwithsub-Article1ofthisArticle,Statesshall havethefollowingpowersandfunctions: , (a)ToestablishaStateadministrationthatbestadvances self-government,ademocraticorderbasedonthe ruleoflaw;toprotectanddefendtheFederal Constitution; (b)ToenactandexecutetheStateconstitutionandother laws; (c)Toformulateandexecuteeconomic,socialand developmentpolicies,strategiesandplansofthe State; (d)Toadministerlandandothernaturalresourcesin accordancewithFederallaws; (e)Tolevyandcollecttaxesanddutiesonrevenue sourcesreservedtotheStatesandtodrawupand administertheStatebudget; (t)ToenactandenforcelawsontheStatecivilservice andtheirconditionofwork;intheimplementationof thisresponsibilityitshallensurethateducational; trainingandexperiencerequirementsforanyjob, titleorpositionapproximatenationalstandards; (g)Toestablishandadministerastatepoliceforce,and tomaintainpublicorderandpeacewithintheState; CHAPTERSIX THEFEDERALHOUSES Article53 TheFederalHouses ThereshallbetwoFederalHouses:TheHouseofPeoples' RepresentativesandtheHouseoftheFederation. . PartOne TheHouseofPeoples'Representatives Article54 MembersoftheHouseofPeoples'Representatives 1.MembersoftheHouseofPeoples'Representativesshall beelectedbythePeopleforatermoffiveyearsonthe basisofuniversalsuffrageandbydirect,freeandfair electionsheldbysecretballot. 2.MembersoftheHouseshallbeelectedfrom'candidatesin eachelectoraldistrictbyapluralityofthevotescast. Provisionsshallbemadebylawforspecialrepresentation forminorityNationalitiesandPeoples. 3.MembersoftheHouse,onthebasisofpopulationand specialrepresentationofminorityNationalitiesand Peoples,shallnotexceed550;ofthese,minority NationalitiesandPeoplesshallhaveatleast20seats. Particularsshallbedeterminedbylaw. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"~liA..~Ir/.\~;M-r;m.fIJ -h'l'Cli~mf1.I?;+,Iitfn'i.9'". FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121stAugust1995-Page21 ~.frhc0.-1:"111\""fool\~~1Ii1"'CDt}f'T Cf':f~:: "'1V'1 ;J-:f~r; V)/\~1oo'}"'P-I:; /\)/\~1f~;'hCf' dt)/\~/\.Cf':f~ i1;F~1fCf'A:: ~.D'/'}~~rfrhc0.-1:"IlAOrhc0.-1:~it1'W'7J'tm~ f:riJCD'f,r"it.,.If""rh'} ,,,,, "~h(}itr::"it.,.~1.t.'e 'hCr)fr"~CD(}f:O""r:: }.D'/'}~~rfrhc0.-1:"IlAhllf:CD'}1:Af1.L1\lJO'h:P: hij;'}:P:t}A.,. '" Oit.,..,.C1/\lJOhC0.-1:L~f:"~/lIlJO; OCD'}1:AlJO"~h(}itr:: ~.D'/,}~~lJOflJOhC0.-1:"IlAfoo~m~~1Ii1"00~;J- 11lfJ0""'lit o~..,oo(}~""hlJOhC0."""11A'1-1:~CD1~A:: " ,}"'1\'11: -...... f~1Ii1"'CDt}f'TlJOhC 0."" PAlfJ'}Cf'.,...,IlC li'f~1Ii1"'CDt}f'Trhc0.""OttO~1oo'}"'P""oo(}~"" /\~Y..t./\.oo'}"'P""O"'(}m~fPAlfJ'}hAA~'ff'} ICDlfJA:: ~.OttO",}"'1\'}o-it",}"'1\lif",oo/\h"'~"m~"~ f:'};J1.'h'}1."'mO.,.If'i ff~lIi1"'CDt}f'TlJOhC 0."" OOlJ.h.,.,,'''''~~f'T ,,~lICllC~..,ICDlfJA; V)foo/o""Cf'f.,.L1'C'Vi1"" ;'h'}Jtv-lJOf:'}oc"'i'f;J~ CD~rh",}f:hAAO,,~fOlJ.J'it.,.ltit-rCD'}Jf"fCf' V~.f.T"m~.,.r'}O.,.oo/\h.,.; /\)OhA""T oot}hAfOlJ. 'i~~'}f'}..,f:A~~1': 'h'}Jtv-lJOf~6J.h'}..,f:..,'}1-'I"",}0"'00/\h.,.; dt)f"fC:fll~CCf'fll~Coo~~..,.;f7it;J-Cf'f-f;t\.1'100- ~h.'ii'} "1 A.., "".y.T'}'h'}Jtv-lJOv-/\..,.CD~lJO hv-/\ ..,. O,,~ hA""T'} fOlJ./1Cf'1-"~t. 00'}1f.T'} 0"'00 /\h.,.; 00)OttO~1oo'}"'P""f"'1.'11~""'}f7/\i:t}00i1.y."f "L?tRlJO,}'h'}Jtv-lJOlJOC6bJ,.'}O.,.oo/\h.,.; IP)fit°1'1""00i1""'};fi\.r..,t.."ii'}; f;rit7C""'};CD1. V1Cf(1D",o./Cf'foo~6bJ,.~~f'"f'}'h'}Jtv-lJOfit1..,. "i'fTCf'f7/\i:t}1'1~'1""~~f'"f'}O.,.oo/\h.,.; ~)"'}f:CD1'foom'}00/\h.11.~)fCf'f'llt.,.ooC'} o.,.oo/\h.,.; (1)fLmt.Cf'fP'11'Oi1ooi1.y.T'}o.,.oo/\h.,.; i'i)f(OCoo"'~1 0011I,}O.,.oo/\h.,.:: .f' flPt."'~~~~ ~..,J'CDlfJA:: ~.f'}"'f:~'"(1'1f:)ICDlfJA:: ~.fCD'}1:/\~00:"6bJ,.~..,ICDlfJA::~O'h'}1."'mO.,.If'i h A"" T0~Y..t.t\ooo"'}.., P""fCD'} 1:/\~oo:"6bJ,.~.., O..,A1\IlA"'i'iL~~~f'T,,~~..,fD'/~lfJ""PAlfJ'} ~'i t.:flf'A:: }."'}f:fi\.1'1'iOlJ.D'/"'O~(}i1,}/\ooij;mCf1.IlAO~Y..t.A oo'}..,p..,.~..,'h'}JtCDlfJ":f~fOlJ.J'it1f:P"/\oorrCf':f~ o~Y..I.:ii~lJOhC 0.'''' f;J-OO'1Il:f~f~""dti1dt.C ~o)T'}ICDlfJA:: 4.MembersoftheHousearerepresentativesofthe EthiopianPeopleasawhole.Theyaregovernedby: (a)TheConstitution; (b)Thewillofthepeople;and (c)TheirConscience. 5.NomemberoftheHousemaybeprosecutedonaccountof anyvotehecastsoropinionheexpressesintheHouse,nor shallanyadministrativeactionbetakenagainstany memberonsuchgrounds. 6.NomemberoftheHousemaybearrestedorprosecuted withoutthepermissionoftheHouseexceptinthecaseof flagrantedelicto 7.AmemberoftheHousemay,inaccordancewithlaw,lose hismandateofrepresentationuponlossofconfidenceby theelectorate. Article55 PowersandFunctionsoftheHouseofPeoples' Representatives 1.TheHouseofPeoples'Representativesspallhavethe poweroflegislationinallmattersassignedbythis ConstitutiontoFederaljurisdiction. 2.Consistentwiththeprovisionofsub-Article1ofthis Article,theHouseofPeoples'Representativesshallenact specificlawsonthefollowingmatters: (a)Utilizationoflandandothernaturalresources,of riversandlakescrossingtheboundariesofthe nationalterritorialjurisdictionorlinkingtwoormore States; (b)Inter-Statecommerceandforeigntrade; (c)Air,rail,waterandseatransport,majorroadslinking twoormoreStates,postalandtelecommunication serVIces; (d)Enforcementofthepoliticalrightsestablishedbythe Constitutionandelectorallawsandprocedures; (e)Nationality,immigration,passport,exitfromand entryintothecountry,therightsofrefugeesandof asylum; (f)Uniformstandardsofmeasurementandcalendar; (g)Patentsandcopyrights; (h)Thepossessionandbearingofarms. 3.Itshallenactalabourcode. 4.Itshallenactacommercialcode. 5.Itshallenactapenalcode.TheStatesmay,however, enactpenallawsonmattersthatarenotspecifically coveredbyFederalpenallegislation. 6.ItshallenactcivillawswhichtheHouseoftheFederation deemsnecessarytoestablishandsustainoneeconomic community. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"~~~1.t.A~;J6+;'J1i"l "''I'C liM,I\.Ili.",Ijifft ~.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121"August1995-Page22 1.' f4..1.6-AOD1"1P':" j f1J1C'Ifih1,..1ODMI11 j f1.tJ1~H"fl"l\.it:'>f..A"U.:O::"1f..mit'lA"11P'6- "L~~"7:f1D-1.11:f"'l.;t"~ODavl.;t"'£ftL-)':f1Ml~'£ OD11""':f'lf1J1C11.U1Hf"'l.H1<~f"':f1\.111\-1: IffJ6-A j MLI\1.>'C9"~9'':f>'1Jlmc'l~11.C;1A " :to11"1+;t:lel1"'ODI\I1"'1D-ODc'Il:"fM=f'>.f..1.tL '-'I')': IID-~A j fih"l"itL~"'l.1D-f"'l.fmffJlD-1f"it=f'>.f..1.tL "'P)':"'ODAh"" f..mit'lA " i!' f"'l.tit:"C'':f9"hC11:"11"'l.!+C11I\:"fih"lI.t:" ODc'll.:"fp1C~:""'P)': IID-~A " I' fIJ1~-I:1"m'+l\.f.fh.tt'i"'l. If"7"1I16-'£ IfA"7:" 1"1\.1\.9'':f1'1it:"6-1::(9'':f1 j f4..f..'I1it'lf11"11 1"1\.1\.11~1:""A j 11"111 j f11th.6-'£111h"it.,..1\ 1.C1;flD-"1"MIf~1'1AID-ID-'I'111"'001\11'"1IC1IC ih"lImffJA " Hi' 1\4..1.6-A001"1P':"11.,.11I\1\1D-f111.9"1"1" hAA "I11C'I;t"tJitf..'I'I\A " f4..1.6-AOD1"1P':"11:(t 1~1:'+A " I!!' fih"l"itL~"'l.1D-"ilAf"'l.'P'P1\:f1D-1~1\9"""'.1-'l.11-9"fl\.I\-':fjfOD;t":f1D-l19"tJC11-1:oo;t1.:" 11\11:"1I1I\P'AffJ'i':fjfOD:"1~1:.+A " Ii!'fc'l11~'£OD11""':ftt"'l.1I119:...,A j P'AffJ1'1"'''I11~1 l1ih"lf..mit'lA " Il;'fih1f11>'111milt.,.9:M19:...,A j .,.9:ou-1f"'l.OD~ "111\:"1 f..ODCffJAIf..c'lf.."7A " P'AffJ1'1"'''I11~1 l1ih"lf..mit'lA " n;.11"71;;'ID-9"tJAAc'l1I~'£0011""':fI\.ffJl\-'hAi\- 1:C1.-I:1"7409""f..':fAI\."'C j 116-1\-M"1IH'I11\ hAi\-L.+1:"'111.1D->'C9"~>'1Jlmc'l1:1\4..1.~11~ 9"hC11:"'1l\ih1f11.,.milr-':f9"tJC11:"f;16-it11M '1'14:,"'CI1A ; 11.,.1.l.c'In:"ID-l!):.ooltl.:"l\hAi\-9"tJC 11:" ODOD~1 f..ltffJA " I?'9"hC11-1:m:"l\f.."'l.tit:"~1>''1 l\.I\-':ff4..1.6-i\- OD1"1P':"I1I\P'AffJ'I:"1it 'I' 14:fOD'I'6-:"'fih"l "hL~"'l.1D-1"ilA"av6-C fODODCODCP'A,q1 "itlD-" I:t.itih"l"itL~"'l.1D-"ilA11"'c'lm"71;;'1D-9"P'AffJ11\f.. f9"hc11-1:"111\:"11"11: Y'it.,.;;, 1:9"6I\.mf..4:9"tJC 11-1:.f.mlIA " 9"hC11-1:11~~I\,P,fODODill1c'I "itLI\1.ODitl\-f;t"flD-1 >'C9"~ foolD-c'l1:P'AffJ1 "it ID- " Ii!'9"tJc11-1:1f"'l.OD~ "L"'11'\.'9"h:"A"L .,.11'\. .f.ODCffJA j it9"hC11-1:P'6-f"'l.lhLA"':"19:"'l.' 1./LI'£tt"'l.1:9'':fI'P:"/",A " "1.,.;tI/i fl"lti:ilP'AffJ1 7.Itshalldetenninetheorganizationofnationaldefence, publicsecurity,andanationalpoliceforce.Iftheconduct oftheseforcesinfringesuponhumanrightsandthe nation'ssecurity,itshallcarryoutinvestigationsandtake necessarymeasures. 8.InconfonnitywithArticle93oftheConstitutionitshall declareastateofemergency;itshallconsiderandresolve onadecreeofastateofemergencydeclaredbythe executive. 9.OnthebasisofadraftlawsubmittedtoitbytheCouncilof Ministersitshallproclaimastateofwar. 10.Itshallapprovegeneralpoliciesandstrategiesof economic,socialanddevelopment,andfiscaland monetarypolicyofthecountry.Itshall.enactlawson mattersrelatingtothelocalcurrency,theadministration oftheNationalBank,andforeignexchange. II.Itshalllevytaxesanddutiesonrevenuesourcesreserved totheFederalGovernment,itshallratifytheFederal budget. 12.Itshallratifyinternationalagreementsconcludedbythe Executive. 13.ItshallapprovetheappointmentofFederaljudges, membersoftheCouncilofMinsiters,commissioners,the AuditorGeneral,andofotherofficialswhoseappoint- mentisrequiredbylawtobeapprovedbyit. 14.ItshallestablishaHumanRightsCommissionand determinebylawitspowersandfunctions. 15.ItshallestablishtheinstitutionoftheOmbudsman,and selectandappointitsmembers.Itshalldeerminebylaw thepowersandfunctionsoftheinstitution. 16.Itshall,onitsowninitiative,requestajointsessionofthe HouseoftheFederationandoftheHouseofPeoples' RepresentativestotakeappropriatemeasureswhenState authoritiesareunabletoarrestviolationsofhumanrights withintheirjurisdiction.Itshall,onthebasisofthejoint decisionoftheHouse,givedirectivestotheconcerned Stateauthorities. 17.IthasthepowertocallandtoquestionthePrimeMinister andotherFederalofficialsandtoinvestigatetheEx- ecutive'sconductanddischargeofitsresponsibilities. 18.Itshall,attherequestofone-thirdofitsmembers,discuss anymatterpertainingtothepowersoftheexecutive.It has,insuchcases,thepowertotakedecisionsor measuresitdeemsnecessary. 19.ItshallelecttheSpeakerandDeputySpeakerofthe House.Itshallestablishstandingandadhoccommittees asitdeemsnecessarytoaccomplishitswork. 'Article56 PoliticalPower l19"hC11-1:"111\""'1. OD"'ODAj,111fI"lti:il1:C)'::"mf..9" I Apoliticalparty,oracoalitionofpoliticalpartiesthathasthe ffJ9"6-1:C~"'':ff4..1.6-i\-1001"1P':"fih"l"hL~"'l."ilA greatestnumberofseatsintheHouseofPeoples'Represen- 11.6-'JfAII1.6-'Jff\o ;.f.OD6-A/f..OD6-i\- " tativesshallformtheExecutiveandleadit. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1A"3'1:IJ.&-IA~:M:t-,;Jlt.tlJ .'I'CIi~"'c\.!?;""!iifft".,.. FederalNegaritGazeta-No.12111August1995-Page23 ~'J'" Jt!lj lll\ih.., M~-'C1."" 9'"tlC0.-1:oPtiC'f.,.1l0l/070Tih..,I\V1~-I:T~fl-'C'JTI\A,c-7 f,"'Cf1A ; T~fl-'C'J-I:O~Ft.~9'"llT+'iTm-ll-rf,Lc-7AII T~fl-'C'J-I:O~Ft.~9'"llT+'iTm-ll-r'1ALloPih1-OFt. I\f,f,m-I\AII ~'J+Jt~:t f9'"tJC0.-1:lli1ftf1'ifFt.HoP'J li'h9'"tJc0.-1:~f1I\Th..,0I/7iOl\f,h"'1J.9'"AI}'"1-f1't f,tf t.AII §.f9'"tJC0.-1:fFt.1.tI.hoPllhl9'"wCfoPQJ.li'flt9'"'JT ft"lf "llhft~lPl\lt~m-; OoP'1hl\-9'"9'"tJC0.-1:O"7.wll~m- 1.tI.f~'J'(-wCbltt:Tf,lillfAII (.fih1li1",w'1f-'f9'"tJCo.Tf"7.oPlmm-1\~9'"llT l}oP:t'T~m-; fFt.HoP).hOl/i1:J>-I:h~'J.(-wCOLT ~Jtll9'"C6l>A .,. '1th.Jl..f,m 'I'+ :J>AII !!.9'"tJC0.-1:bltt:TI\f,0"7.(f'JOT1.tI.f9'"tJC0.-1:~L1-f1't lli1ftf1lLmt.f,'fI\AIIh9'"tJC0.-1:~f1I\Th..,0I/7iOl\f, lli1ftq"'JJtmt.hmfA'(-9'"iJ~m-II §-9'"tJC0.-1:lll\~lPt.~'illl\ih"l~wlIJm-th.1.T1.'Jf1'f1 IWIIJAII ~1+?i oj: - 1l1\9'"tJc0.-1:oPO.,.1 li' m""l\f,"7.~llT~fFAIIJ1HoP).hOl/I\A1\0I/'1th..(-09'"tJC0.-1:L:J>.(-9'"tJC0.-1: "1 Jt0.,.1 1\01/.(-l..,f,'fI\AII ~-01lJ9'"t.foP1..,FTFAIIJ'Jfl~f7'I\1:'1.(-C:E-+'f 1 1IJ9'"t.~:t'Tm-LCi"09'"tJC0.-1:f~0t.Tm-1~i1I\6l>A~T 1m-"11.(f~f"7.~llTC''f9'"tJco.T"'OTliOih1li1 .,.w '1f-'f9'"tJC0.Tf1l\-f7'1\1:'1.(-c:E-+'f"-1\ IIJ 9'"t. oP1"lFT0~1'(-lt9'"1T1.tI.m-ll'l'l\oPoPlllT "'JJt:FAT/ofl-'C1-1:f7'I\1:'1.(-C:E-+'f1f,;Ji1tfAII f7'1\1:'1.(-C:E--Hi~JtlloP1..,FTl\oPCj;mCWf,9'" f~Olm-111J9'"t.~Tl\oP+mA'1A:Ft\-9'"tJc0.-1:"'OTli ~Jtll9'"C6l>Af,1.l;JAII r-OfltJ~1+?i1o-it~'J+7\liWf,9'"~ oPftlT9'"tJc0.-1: f"'O"'~"11.(f~hll'(-llTwcf1AOl\m1.tI.m-ll'l'~Jtll 9'"C6l>AoP1.l"l~I\OTII !! .9'"C6l>Am-0.,. m '1''''+0lP1\It +'1'Tm-ll'I'~Jt (). f,"h11i1 ",w'1f-'f9'"tJco.TFt.m-1f,"f.9'"t.AII Article57 AdoptionofLaws LawsdeliberateduponandpassedbytheHouseshallbe submittedtotheNation'sPresidentforsignature.The Presidentshallsignalawsubmittedtohimwithinfifteen days.IfthePresidentdoesnotsignthelawwithinfifteendays itshalltakeeffectwithouthissignature. Article58 MeetingsoftheHouse,DurationofitsTerm 1.Thepresenceofmorethanhalfofthemembersofthe Houseconstitutesaquorum. 2.TheannualsessionoftheHouseshallbeginonMondayof thefinalweekoftheEthiopianmonthofMeskeremand endonthe30thdayoftheEthiopianmonthofSene.The Housemayadjournforonemonthofrecessduringits annualsession. 3.TheHouseofPeoples'Representativesshallbeelectedfor atermoffiveyears.ElectionsforanewHouseshallbe concludedonemonthpriortotheexpiryoftheHouse's term. 4.TheSpeakeroftheHousemaycallameetingoftheHouse whenitisinrecess.TheSpeakeroftheHouseisalso obligedtocallameeetingoftheHouseattherequestof morethanone-halfofthemembers. 5.MeetingsoftheHouseshallbepublic.TheHousemay, however,holdaclosedmeetingattherequestofthe ExecutiveormembersoftheHouseifsucharequestis supportedbyadecisionofmorethanone-halfofthe membersoftheHouse. Article59 DecisionsandRulesofProcedureoftheHouse 1.UnlessotherwiseprovidedintheConstitution,all decisionsoftheHouseshallbebyamajorityvoteofthe memberspresentandvoting. 2.TheHouseshalladoptrulesandproceduresregardingthe organizationofitsworkandofitslegislativeprocess. Article60 DissolutionoftheHouse 1.WiththeconsentoftheHouse,thePrimeMinistermay causethedissolutionoftheHousebeforetheexpiryofits terminordertoholdnewelections. 2.ThePresidentmayinvitepoliticalpartiestoforma coalitiongovernmentwithinoneweek,iftheCouncilof Ministersofapreviouscoalitionisdissolvedbecauseof thelossofitsmajorityintheHouse.TheHouseshallbe dissolvedandnewelectionsshallbeheldifthepolitical partiescannotagreetothecontinuationoftheprevious coalitionortoformanewmajoritycoalition. 3.IftheHouseisdissolvedpursuanttosub-Article1or2of thisArticle,newelectionsshallbeheldwithinsixmonths ofitsdissolution. 4.ThenewHouseshallconvenewithinthirtydaysofthe conclusionoftheelections. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 'lK"t)'!!t..Y-ot.&\~;M:";JltfIJ1liifn'HI". ~. 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OOlJ..{}mCD-CD-lt);oorvlT~?('c;'f'}e;1iAOIJ-f'f')t\'Tt..tL ~,}i: h:"Cf1ffltfJA:: Ili.ilt\U1~i:u-);;J-tOOO'}'"1P'Tilt\+he;m~+'"1I1~Te; ilt\m~LT6:",,'ft\ih1f-t1+ml1v-'f?"hcn.TOfm:"i: ~TCTf4>CI1A::." CHAPTEREIGHT THEEXECUTIVE Article72 ThePowersoltheExecutive l.ThehighestexecutivepowersoftheFederalGovernment arevestedinthePrimeMinisterandintheCouncilof Ministers. 2.ThePrimeMinisterandtheCouncilofMinistersare responsibletotheHouseofPeoples'Representatives.In theexerciseofStatefunctions,membersoftheCouncilof Ministersareco]]ectivelyresponsibleforalldecisions theymakeasabody. 3.UnlessotherwiseprovidedinthisConstitutionthetermof officeofthePrimeMinisterisforthedurationofthe mandateoftheHouseofPeoples'Representatives. Article73 AppointmentolthePrimeMinister l.ThePrimeMinistersha]]beelectedfromamongmembers oftheHouseofPeoples'Representatives. 2.PowerofGovernmentsha]]beassumedbythepolitical partryoracoalitionofpoliticalpartiesthatconstitutesa majorityintheHouseofPeoples'Representatives. Article74 PowersandFunctionsolthePrimeMinister l.ThePrimeMinisteristheChiefExecutive,theChairman oftheCouncilofMinisters,andtheCommander-in-Chief ofthenationalarmedforces. 2.ThePrimeMinistersha]]submitforapprovaltotheHouse ofPeoples'Representativesnomineesforministerial postsfromamongmembersofthetwoHousesorfrom amongpersonswhoarenotmembersofeitherHouseand possesstherequiredqualifications. 3.Hesha]]fo]]owupandensuretheimplementationoflaws, policies,directivesandotherdecisionsadoptedbythe HouseofPeoples'Representatives. HeleadstheCouncilofMinisters,coordinatesits activitiesandactsasitsrepresentative. 5.Heexercisesovera]]supervisionovertheimplementation ofpolicies,regulations,directivesanddecisionsadopted bytheCouncilofMinisters. 6.Heexercisesovera]]supervisionovertheimplementation ofthecountry'sforeignpolicy. 7.HeselectsandsubmitsforapprovaltotheHouseof Peoples'RepresentativesnominationsforpostsofCom- missioners,thePresidentandVice-Presidentofthe FederalSupremeCourtandtheAuditorGeneral. 8.HesupervisestheconductandefficiencyoftheFederal administrationandtakessuchcorrectivemeasuresasare necessary. HeappointshighcivilianofficialsoftheFederal Governmentotherthanthosereferredtoinsub-Articles2 and3ofthisArticle. 10.Inaccordancewithlawenactedordecisionadoptedby theHouseofPeoples'Representatives,herecommends tothePresidentnomineesfortheawardofmedals,prizes andgifts. II.Hesha]]submittotheHouseofPeoples'Representatives periodicreportsonworkaccomplishedbytheExecutive aswe]]asonitsplansandproposals. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 'IX-?i~t..lot.A~:M"":,",ffJch1'Cl!~Ih(\I?;+,Iilfn ~.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page28 n.0IttJih1ool..,,,.,:r-Cj0"'fro:fih1:ff'''''m-:r-,"'fro:f "''''I1C':f !hCj~CjAII Ii:'ih1 ool..,,,.,i:l!h7\~1: itt\9"h:r-Am:"",e. t1IJ. ~it:r-C ~.9"h:r-Am:"",e. t1IJ.~it..,.?-: (})0m:"",e. t1IJ. ~it..,-?- '1' t\,e..,.~f t1IJ.llm-:r-l .,...,11C':f !hCj~CjA; t\)m:"",e.OI/_~it:r-?-OOl/,e.'i'CO:r-1.tf..,.h.,.:r-,e.rvt-AII ~.9"h..,. Am:"",e. 01/, ~it ..,.?-.,. m~~i:t\m:"",e. t1IJ. ~it""?- ,e..rCjAI: ttl4>7\~~ ft1lJ.~it,"-C':f9"hC0."" ~ .f01/, ~it""r.':f9"hen. ..,- Im:"",e. t1IJ. ~it ..,. CJ 9" h..,. A m:"",e. 01/, ~it ..,. c:01/, ~ it..,.r.':fCj0ih..,0t1IJ.mIII 00 lll'''' I\.t\..-:;-ttl)t\..:fft1lJ.1'f-0'''-9"hC0.""~~II ~.fOl/,~it..,-r.'-:;- 9"hc 0...,. 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Ot1lJ.llm~".,AflJloolll"" Y.ln:fl!lDflJAII 12.Heshalldischargeallresponsibilitiesentrustedtohimby thisConstitutionandotherlaws. 13.HeshallobeyandenforcetheConstitution. Article75 DeputyPrimeMinister 1.TheDeputyPrimeMinistershall: (a)Carryoutresponsibilitieswhichshallbespecifically entrustedtohimbythePrimeMinister; (b)ActonbehalfofthePrimeMinisterinhisabsence. 2.TheDeputyPrimeMinistershallberesponsibletothe PrimeMinister. Article76 TheCouncilofMinisters 1.TheCouncilofMinisterscomprisesthePrimeMinister, theDeputyPrimeMinister,Ministersandothermembers asmaybedeterminedbylaw. . 2.TheCouncilofMinistersisresponsibletothePrime Minister. 3.Inallitsdecisions,theCouncilofMinistersisresponsible totheHouseofPeoples'Representatives. Article77. PowersandFunctionsoftheCouncilofMinisters 1.TheCouncilofMinistersensurestheimplementationof lawsanddecisionsadoptedbytheHouseofPeoples' Representatives. 2.Itshalldecideontheorganizationalstructureofministries andotherorgansofgovernmentresponsibletoit;itshall coordinatetheiractivitiesandprovideleadership. 3.ItshalldrawuptheannualFederalbudgetand,when approvedbytheHouseofPeoples'Representatives,it shallimplementit. 4.Itshallensuretheproperexecutionoffinancialand monetarypoliciesofthecountry;itshalladministerthe NationalBank,decideontheprintingofmoneyand mintingofcoins,borrowmoneyfromdomesticand externalsources,andregulateforeignexchangematters. 5.Itshallprotectpatentsandcopyrights. 6.Itshallformulateandimplementeconomic,socialand developmentpoliciesandstrategies. 7.Itshallprovideuniformstandardsofmeasurementand calendar. 8.Itshallformulatethecountry'sforeignpolicyandexercise overallsupervisionoveritsimplementation. 9.Itshallensuretheobservanceoflawandorder. 10.Ithasthepowertodeclareastateofemergency;indoing so,itshall,withinthetimelimitprescribedbythe Constitution,submittheproclamationdeclaringastateof emergencyforapproval'bytheHouseofPeoples' Representatives. 11.ItshallsubmitdraftlawstotheHouseofPeoples' Representativesonanymatterfallingwithinitscom- petence,includingdraftlawsonadeclarationofwar. 12.Itshallcarryoutotherresponsibilitiesthatmaybe entrustedtoitbytheHouseofPeoples'Representatives andthePrimeMinister. 13.Itshallenactregulationspursuanttopowersvestedinit bytheHouseofPeoples'Representatives. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1X" t)jjt."f-.,&.A.~;M"",'JIL(f)Ce;P'AllJ1 h14>1\~=I; ilt\ .,., f'&;~"""hilA ji. .,., f'&;~"""hilAOtttJih1001CJ1P'''''1-*<#:o:l.A:: ~.f/...Y..t-lt..001.., P"'"hr.:1-;;: f.&;~.,..,. hilAf/...Y..t-I\- m:"I\f.r,:c~0.""f.1Ye;A::fih1fl11-lDl1r-:f9"hC0."" hil~I\1.I'LIfLf11lD-f/...Y..'~A hlf.1-;;:If.C~0.""9" I'" foo"f..oo~ff.~;rIf.Cf: 0.''''OU1~1:000-1\-lDf.9"Oh~A h1Jlf.'~~0l/-t\""Y'il rJ-;;: f:9"iJt\.lDil1f.:fl\A::1-.&;~ OtttJhi),:\1I1A 1-lD""f/...Y..t-Ahlf.1-;;:e;fOO"f..oo~! f,~;rIf.C.r.:o..,.:rP'AllJ1t\hAAIf.C.('o..,.:f 1-"'1':tA:: r' hAt\":f:fhAAm:"I\f.r,:c~o..,.:f:fhAAhlf.1-;;: r,:c.('n..y,:fc,'fhAAfooJ!..oo~ff,~;rIf.C.(' 0."'1' f.'t-;ftpA::11C11-rnihCJlf.lD"e;A:: 9,'f'&;~"""P'AllJ11hOOf,O;;:If.C.('o..y,:flDf.9"Oth'" foo,&;'Y.),P'AllJ1tH'''mlD-1-*9"lD-6J.hfflll.!f,C'": OihCJlfr"f."111f'&;~"')'P'Cq..,.fDllf.h1-AA~If.C.(' 0..).lDf.9"1.'l.f«£r,:c.('n.')'hf.**9"9" :: ?;,fih11'0"'OJI1r-:f9"hC o...,.c,'fhAA9"hCo..,.:fOh14>1\ c!}9.10.ilh14>1\?; oo,,~.).f'lf.DIl'l..,.e;fl1ihAr,:c.(' 0..y'1'1t\..f*<#:OO-OJf.9"hlD-:"e;t\."m.f.:rl\t\,::f.tJih1 001CJ1P'''''hoo1\f,<#:n~..)'0001..,P'''''hlD-:,.e;h"'~1-lD- fL"'~I1~~lD-nO-rf'lf.DIl'l"':fe;fl1ihAr,:c.('o..,.:fOtttJ ih"001CJ1P")'oo,,~.).~,(D-:"e;hCJ1~1-lD-f.f./~;rl\-:: )',14>?t'iN! f'&;~"')'P'AllJ1 ji.O/e..'~A9" I'" OhAAf'&;~"""P'AllJ1fr,:c.('0..y'1' 'O:I~ ., lD-:: ~.Of'''';;:lD-9''.e.~;rfDll:'~f'&;~"''''hilAhDll1;;:lD-9" f001CJ1P")'hilA:hDll1;;:lD-9"1lt\P'AllJ1I'~ hDll1 ;;: lD-9"t\.1\rJ-1\/) 'I .,.,., lD-:: r' .&;1,-'1' f'&;~"'''' i.CJ1Ilt,;I~lD-1Ooo-t\..,.,.,.).!he;lD-e;t\.:: hihCJlOil,"4>C0t\.1\U,),;J'hf.oo-r9":: 9.' DIl1;;:lD-9"'&;;;: h'ltJ n;J.:ffH.oot\h1:')'l/-)..+sP:fI1AIY., Oili'4>COih.., h1-OJ""lD-fm.~;J'/)f,'DI!.hoo.('~O~.). h~,:P.P,.lD,6J!'h'&;~ .,.), P''~lD-hf.""19"= 0)f.&;1,-':fhilrJ-'&;f.C1'11f}.0.&;1,-'1'fJlfLTt\.1thCJl 00,p~'1'1f~'1'~,?t'o.1.AlDf.9"1,AtJ fl'" fP"~ 1't\";J'e;:"Alff,:e;h1f1;J-A11t\"fLlDil1:lDf.9" t\)ntJoo9"9"h1.f')'",CJ11l-r1Or"10,lD-l/-).;t"DIlht; OJ1hf.:fA9"'Ot\"fLOJil1:he; th)f',.Ilf}.lD-lD-lt).Oih'lI'OrJ-mI1V'1'9"hC0.""OJ~9" OhAA9"hCn,.Y:'}',hCJ1D1l7iOl\f.,('9"iJfL?t.(':":: ?;.fDll1;;:lD-9"'&;;;:fm-~;J'00lD-fil>}..ttl.h~'~H9"9" :: 1;,f/e..'~Am:"I\f.f':C.~'0.''''f/eo'~t\'1001..,P")' f'&;~" .}, hilAfOlJ,fil.J-'&;f:C0""1O:f.""t\ih1fl11-lDl1r-:f 9"hC o..},h:"C(1.filOJile;A:fL~,4>'('9"0:f.'1:1.fili''&; '("~A :: CHAPTERNINE STRUCTUREANDPOWERSOFTHECOURTS Article78 IndependenceoftheJudiciary 1.AnindependentjudiciaryisestablishedbythisCons- titution. 2.SupremeFederaljudicialauthorityisvestedintheFederal SupremeCourt.TheHouseofPeoples'Representatives may,bytwo-thirdsmajorityvote,establishnationwide. orinsomepartsofthecountryonly,theFederalHigh CourtandFirst-InstanceCourtsitdeemsnecessary. Unlessdecidedinthismanner,thejurisdictionsofthe FederalHighCourtandoftheFirst-InstanceCourtsare herebydelegatedtotheStatecourts. 3.StatesshallestablishStateSupreme,HighandFirst- InstanceCourts.Particularsshallbedeterminedbylaw. 4.SpecialoradhoccourtswhichtakejudicialpowersaWaY . fromtheregularcourtsorinstitutionslegallyempowered toexercisejudicialfunctionsandwhichdonotfol1ow legallyprescribedproceduresshallnotbeestablished. 5.Pursuanttosub-Article5ofArticle34theHouseof Peoples'RepresentativesandStateCouncilscanes- tablishorgiveofficialrecognitiontoreligiousand customarycourts.Religiousandcustomarycourtsthat hadstaterecognitionandfunctionedpriortotheadoption oftheConstitutionshallbeorganizedonthebasisof recognitionaccordedtothembythisConstitution. Article79 JudicialPowers 1.Judicialpowers,bothatFederalandStatelevels,are vestedinthecourts. 2.Courtsofanylevelshallbefreefromanyinterferenceof influenceofanygovernmentalbody,governmentofficial orfromanyothersource. 3.Judgesshallexercisetheirfunctionsinfullindependence andshallbedirectedsolelybythelaw. 4.Nojudgeshallberemovedfromhisdutiesbeforehe reachestheretirementagedeterminedbylawexcept underthefollowingconditions: (a)WhentheJudicialAdministrationCouncildecidesto removehimforviolationofdisciplinaryrulesoron groundsofgrossincompetenceorinefficiency;or (b)WhentheJudicialAdministrationCouncildecides thatajudgecannolongercarryouthisrespon- sibilitiesonaccountofillness;and (c)WhentheHouseofPeoples'Representativesorthe concernedStateCouncilapprovesbyamajorityvote thedecisionsoftheJudicialAdministrationCounciJ. 5.Theretirementofjudgesmaynotbeextendedbeyondthe retirementagedeterminedbylaw. 6.TheFederalSupremeCourtshalldrawupandsubmitto theHouseofPeoples'Representativesforapprovalthe budgetoftheFederalcourts,anduponapproval.adminis- terthebudget. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1X"t!)A..1.t./A'1;J~'''' ;JILII)"" III/.tll""'~1\Ch1"0'''lD 11f"T9"'hCo."'" ,,:,.Cf1 I"fiOlJA:: r" fhAA m:""" CJ:C~-0.-).Tt..ll~'}..,..e; 9"'h""'ATt..tL~'}"'" OhAt\-C~(aODll"'~_f...c":"t.O.~"'"OhAt\-9"'hC0."'" ,,"{I"OIJ t\-:: g"fhAA m:""" CJ:C~'o.:,.e;fhAAhr,:.,.~lj:C~'0."'" 4. ~~TOhAt\-f~~T"ll"'~"C1-11'\":"t.o.~"'"OhAt\- 9"'hC0."'" ,,"fi0lJt\-::fhAt\-f~~T "ll"'~"C ~Il~ f~~T'}if.OD"'"l\9"'hCo.-f:hOlJ:"~(I-OL"'"ft..Y..t.I\' f~~T"ll"'~"C~Il'\0~'"9':t: "" 11\lD-'}"ll""lf"'" ODmf.}>e; "ll""frf:'}hI,."""ll""f"'" ;JC00lJ1111 I\hAt\-9"'hC0."'"fOlJ:"~-fl~"L~"'""1\0"'" ::ft..Y..t.1\' f~~T"ll"'~f.C~Il'\"ll''''frf:,}OY"ll"'"lDC1.tf.lD-ll'l' 11"+~0fhAt\-9"'hc0."'"if.ODrf:'}I"'~':PA:: 7.BudgetsofStatecourtsshallbedeterminedbythe respectiveStateCouncil.TheHouseofPeoples' Representativesshallallocatecompensatorybudgetsfor StateswhoseSupremeandHighcourtsconcurrently exercisethejurisdictionsoftheFederalHighCourtand FederalFirst-InstanceCourts. Article80 ConcurrentJurisdictionofCourts I.TheFederalSupremeCourtshallhavethehighestand finaljudicialpoweroverFederalmatters. 2.StateSupremeCourtsshallhavethehighestandfinal judicialpoweroverStatematters.Theyshallalsoexercise thejurisdictionoftheFederalHighCourt. 3.NotwithstandingtheProvisionsofsub-ArticlesIand2of thisArticle; (a)TheFederalSupremeCourthasapowerofcassation overanyfinalcourtdecisioncontainingabasicerror oflaw.Particularsshallbedeterminedbylaw. (b)TheStateSupremeCourthaspowerofcassation overanyfinalcourtdecisiononStatematterswhich containsabasicerroroflaw.Particularsshallbe determinedbylaw. 4.StateHighCourtsshall,inadditiontoStatejurisdiction, exercisethejurisdictionoftheFederalFirst-Instance Court. 5.DecisionsrenderedbyaStateHighCourtexercisingthe jurisdictionoftheFederalFirst-InstanceCourtare appealabletotheStateSupremeCourt. 6.DecisionsrenderedbyaStateSupremeCourtonFederal mattersareappealabletotheFederalSupremeCourt. Article81 AppointmentofJudges I.ThePresidentandVice-PresidentoftheFederalSupreme Courtshall,uponrecommendationbythePrimeMinister, beappointedbytheHouseofPeople'sRepresentatives. 2.RegardingotherFederaljudges,thePrimeMinistershall submittotheHouseofPeoples'Representativesfor appointmentcandidatesselectedbytheFederalJudicial AdministrationCouncil. 3.TheStateCouncilshall,uponrecommendationbythe ChiefExecutiveoftheState,appointthePresidentand Vice-PresidentoftheStateSupremeCourt. StateSupremeandHighCourtjudgesshall,upon recommendationbytheStateJudicialAdministration Council,beappointedbytheStateCouncil.TheState JudicialAdministrationCouncil,beforesubmitting nominationstotheStateCouncil,hastheresponsibilityto solicitandobtaintheviewsoftheFederalJudicial AdministrationCouncilonthenomineesandtoforward thoseviewsalongwithitsrecommendations.Ifthe FederalJudicialAdministrationCouncildoesnotsubmit itsviewswithinthreemonths,theStateCouncilmay granttheappointments. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 'lK'i!j{;~1.t.A'1;MT;JIJ."J~1'L:{;'1,hl\I~+?I!if'!f?; ~.,... FederalNegaritGazeta-No.121 st August1995-Page31 ~.fhAAfno"!oP6''-~jf~C~o..}J;7rOhAl\-fJ;7r hi1.,..JW.C1'11~h:"~O. ~,.,. 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A(toOl't0.I m)0:it11oO""OJl1f-r9"hCo..}h:"~o.~.}O~ToO t\.tl'Tt..'tJ;'},}-f07.'(illD'OllD'foO:J>:f'Tw-C;O,.,~ 9"°'f1/,.TW-f.,..no(th~I\TW-i1~i1.}f:it..,f1i\lID' f9'r ; no)f~'ot.. 7i).9"hCo..}hhf11\-I:ool1hAf"tOJhl\TW- ~i1:'f'(t9'rII [.f:it1 no')o,,,...}1,J;f'rhlf)~1'f1~f""~ :"A1'lj:C;'} i\07~;J11'f07.fi1ri\w-oofJ':"Ct\."~;J~rl\AII h'}+",'iff :it1no'}o,,.,-I:'}i1i\no.,..C19" j!.f:it1no'} °'"" :f''ehchc1'J;~ft~I't0~1..t..7i).9"hCo..} w-I't~f1~AII I,f~1..t..7i'}9"hCo..}:f:it1 oo'}..,,.,.} 1'J;f"rhlf)~1'f1q, O"t'+C'Oi\.}:it100,}"''''71£1'J;~I\~01PI\1't+C;.} OJi11'w-I't~~(tIf)AII h'}+",TO -- f:it1 oo')..,,.,.}1'J;f-rhlf)~1'f1~ ,.,AIf)'}C; ""o,f1C j!.f:it1 oo'}..,,,...}1,J;f'rhlf)~1'f1~:it100'}"''''7'e '"J;f"r'}f07If)~.},.,AIf)'}~tj~fJlAII0"tf~C1W- O7If)~:'f-oo(t~.}:it',oo'}o,,,..-I:'} 00""C19"hi1LI\1. (ftj ftf11w-i\~1..t..7i')9"hCo..}01'J;~I\~fw-I't~Yl'toO ,+CI1AII I,0~1..~i\-00,}"'''''.}9''tr~OhAA:it..,hw-Q;\.hl11\.} r07.OJm.:it1rh'LU:it1 oo'}..,,,...};JC~:J>~ C;l\-f"tA l'f4:ft~1'tC;1'J;~9"OO7.ooi\/h.,..w-lj:C~'o..}OJ~9"0f1i\ 1,J;~ft+CoOi\.}bfC9"r.'i\00~g.~7iw-I't~i\~1..t..7i). 9"hC0.""'+Cf1A II f' O~C~o..y."ff:it1 no'}..,,.,.} ""C1'9"'I'f4:ft~1'tt u):it1 oo'}..,,,..-I:'} 00'l'C19"hi1&.f\1. (ftjI'tf11w- ft+C1'J;~,)i\07.noi\h.,..w-lj:C~o..}~OOAI'tA! Ohlf)~1'f1~w-w-I't~:,.Cf.,..(tlf1i\1'J;~:"t..:f'w-'} i\~1..t..7i).9"hCo..}0~"'f1~O7:"~oO~rl\AII i\)f""C1'9"1'f4:notj~'}foo~O.}~'}~(f~01'J;~I\~ f"t(tmw-'):it1no,}"'''':f''e""C1'9"i\~1..t..7i'} 9"hC0.""i\no~~7iw-I't~f+Cf1AII g.f"tno~O""')""~""Cq.}hC:".,.i\~1..t..7i).9"hCo..} f+Cf1A. ftL+~'""""'f1~'ef~C;JAII 5.JudgesofStateFirst-InstanceCourtsshall,uponrecom- mendationbytheStateJudicialAdministrationCouncil, beappointedbytheStateCouncil. 6.Mattersofcodeofprofessionalconductanddisciplineas wellastransferofjudgesofanycourtshallbedetermined bytheconcernedJudicialAdministrationCouncil. Article82 StructureoftheCouncilofConstitutionalInquiry 1.TheCouncilofConstitutionalInquiryisestablishedby thisConstitution. 2.TheCouncilofConstitutionalInquiryshallhaveeleven memberscomprising: (a)ThePresidentoftheFederalSupremeCourt,who shallserveasitsPresident; (b)TheVice-PresidentoftheFederalSupremeCourt, whoshallserveasitsVice-President; (c)Sixlegalexperts,appointedbythePresidentofthe RepubliconrecommendationbytheHouseof Peoples'Representatives,whoshallhaveproven professionalcompetenceandhighmoralstanding; (d)ThreepersonsdesignatedbytheHouseofthe Federationfromamongits~mbers. 3.TheCouncilofConstitutionalInquiryshallestablish organizationalstructurewhichcanensureexpeditious executionofitsresponsibilities. Article83 InterpretationoftheConstitution 1.AllconstitutionaldisputesshallbedecidedbytheHouse oftheFederation. 2.TheHouseoftheFederationshall,withinthirtydaysof receipt,decideaconstitutionaldisputesubmittedtoitby theCouncilofConstitutionalInquiry. Article84 PowersandFunctionsoftheCouncilofConstitutional Inquiry 1.TheCouncilofConstitutionalInquiryshallhavepowers toinvestigateconstitutionaldisputes.ShouldtheCouncil, uponconsiderationofthematter,finditnecessaryto interprettheConstitution,itshallsubmititsrecommen- dationsthereontotheHouseoftheFederation. 2.WhereanyFederalorStatelawiscontestedasbeing unconstitutionalandsuchadisputeissubmittedtoitby anycourtorinterestedparty,theCouncilshallconsider thematterandsubmitittotheHouseoftheFederationfor afinaldecision. 3.Whenissuesofconstitutionalinterpretationariseinthe courts,theCouncilshall: (a)Remandthecasetotheconcernedcourtifitfinds thereisnoneedforconstitutionalinterpretation;the interestedparty,ifdissatisfiedwiththedecisionof theCouncil,mayappealtotheHouseofthe Federation. (b)SubmititsrecommendationstotheHouseofthe Federationforafinaldecisionifitbelievesthereisa needforconstitutionalinterpretation. 4.TheCouncilshalldraftitsrulesofprocedureandsumbit themtotheHouseoftheFederation;andimplementthem uponapproval. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"cJj~t..Y..t.A";J~'''' ;JILIfJ1\'ifu J\.tt'i0i/.HlqltOl/sPT ji-oP'}olP'-'"o-I\''J''J\.:"r'~!(J}oP "(J}<+:,.e;lJ-fl :,. +1Il:J>01/.sPTf01/.tI'~0 :,.')oP'}11.:' foP4>f{):.,ltk~:"ht\O:":: !l-oP'}olP':"fJ\.:"r-~!(J}

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(ftj 0'~11lD-f.I..~: hithfII/',f:t\.f.Citffll/.1'A~lD-:: dl)ffll/.tit'}'r.>1''rhcn.')'O"itr\,1.f,'1.11."'P~itC ffll/..fCDff):t:lD-f:,} ."J1.9'~',tjffll/.OJit'«;rlD-hC'r~9'r Ofll/c;:t:lD-'r1..11:O'lU t"h.,00'}CJ1F'}',.,'}cJ>?\ fi :I~;: ~?; htj@j'}o'it,,'}cJ>?\ fi htj ~ \"~cJ>ootn,.}'} 00'0.y:.}'.ffll/.1y.'n't\.rn."f,1't\.'r:: ~, r' Q' 3.Peoplehavetherighttofullconsultationandtothe expressionofviews-intheplanningandimplementation ofenvironmentalpoliciesandprojectsthataffectthem directly. 4.Governmentandcitizensshallhavethedutytoprotectthe environment. CHAPTERELEVEN MISCELLANEOUSPROVISIONS Article93 DeclarationofStateofEmergency 1.(a)TheCouncilofMinistersoftheFederalGovernment shallhavethepowertodecreeastateofemergency shouldanexternalinvasion,abreakdownoflawand orderwhichendangerstheconstitutionalorderand whichcannotbecontrolledbytheregularlaw enforcementagenciesandpersonnel,anaturaldisas- ter,oranepidemicoccur. (b)StateexecutivescandecreeaState-widestateof emergencyshouldanaturaldisasteroranepidemic occur.ParticularsshallbedeterminedinStateCons- titutionstobepromulgatedinconformitywiththis Constitution. 2.Astateofemergencydeclaredinaccordancewithsub- ArticleI(a)ofthisArticle: (a)IfdeclaredwhentheHouseofPeoples'Represen- tativesisinsession,thedecreeshallbesumbittedto theHousewithinforty-eighthoursofitsdeclaration. Thedecree,ifnotapprovedbyatwo-thirdsmajority voteofmembersoftheHouseofPeoples'Represen- tatives,shallberepealedforthwith. (b)Subjecttotherequiredvoteofapprovalsetoutin(a) ofthissub-Article,thedecreedeclaringastateof emergencywhentheHouseofpeoples'Represen- tativesisnotinsessionshallbesubmittedtoitwithin fifteendaysofitsadoption. 3.AstateofemergencydecreedbytheCounciIofMinisters, ifapprovedbytheHouseofPeoples'Representatives, canremainineffectuptosixmonths.TheHouseof Peoples'Representativesmay,byatwo-thirdsmajority vote,allowthestateofemergencyproclamationtobe renewedeveryfourmonthssuccessively. 4.(a)Whenastateofemergencyisdeclared,theCouncilof Ministersshall,inaccordancewithregulationsit issues,haveallnecessarypowertoprotectthe country'speaceandsovereignty,andtomaintain publicsecurity,lawandorder. (b)TheCouncilofMinistersshallhavethepowerto suspendsuchpoliticalanddemocraticrightscon- tainedinthisConstitutiontotheextentnecessaryto averttheconditionsthatrequiredthedeclarationofa stateofemergency. (c)IntheexerciseofitsemergencypowerstheCouncilof Ministerscannot,however,suspendorlimitthe rightsprovidedforinArticles1,18,25.andsub- Articles1and2ofAarticle39ofthisConstitution. .. www.tgalawgroup.com TGA Global Law Firm LL.P 1K"c!j?;t..1at.f:\.,;JtT;JltffJl1'~1'I\A:~(tOiltlAII h'}4>",11. . fhAAooil,,.J.;.f.:e'.)'.f:J'hil'lf..,-ftC".,AffJ'} ji.hAt\..:y,:nhAAooil"'J.;.f.:C'In.f..'c~'}'+4>ffJt$PTI\~ f".,(,..°l.nC~1'I\t\.:~(t0iltl",II §.foo(..."f.oom4>OIJ,!hC~.f~OJil'l'":~(tniltlf\aII e.nOlAfDl/_fC(a.'01tHIl'}'".,1..0I/1n/...}O+1.t.:4:10(" $PTI\~fhC7i".,1..'U1.°l.nc~1'I\'" : ~(tOiltl'" II ~.OhAf\anOlJ:ff. "'''(t.n'1."JY..$PTI\~f'}Ol.f..'."f.cCt:",-oC'I f'li!6J.I':J'hil~1'I\'" :,e,(tniltl'"II ?;. nhA'"m-il'1'Om-lJI\~hOlJ,f.lol'}/..'}il7'C"'"nOlJ.1~ 'UI.I\~°l-oC~'1'I\t\.:~(tniltlt\.II 5 }.nhAAooil'''J.;.f..'CnOlAtlt\o.."f'~"'"ilC 11'"o."'T'It\.t\-T . '}-ol"'-:;'00lJ.1~1n,I\~°l-oC~'1'I\'" :~(tniltlf\a! ntlt\o..}'~:J':fm-ilC 'I'" 0..,.-:;,'1t\.t\-T')-ol"'-:;'I\~ h.t.~!ilhCt:I\f\aII :knhAAooil+J.;.f..'Ctlt\o.'}'~'}'ilC00lJ,11'fAOIJ"'".f..'C~T I\~f'}..,..r.:""'cc,::f".,l..°l,nc:f7i!6J.I''h.h"'~il:l'h(t ~'1'I\",:~(tniltlf\aII ~.nh,}4>~:t~'}o-ilh,}4>"" i~f+m4>(tm-h,}f.'''mn4>If'i: nOlJf).f..'')".,t.$PTI\~fOlJf)f:,}1n,°l-oC:fr.'!IVt'l foo(.."'"h.(...~hCt:!$P'.f. ~1'I\'" :~(tOiltlf\a.11 iI'nhAAooil+J.;.f..'Chl11\'}'h"'l.(tm.&..:J>p..T'Ih1A.., t\-"'T fOlJ,OO~'1J:hCt:!$P-:;' ~mil'l'" :~(tOiltlf\aII !.hf.')f"'l.1~fr.'!lL-thC~!~mil'l'" :~(tniltlf\all h')4> "" :~~ f;J/..f:l'hil'lf..,-oC".,AffJ'} ji.f~lot.Aoo,}"'''''''''''hAt\"Tn;J(...00lJ.!*'h,,-:fm- fAOIJ"'"f:C~"'TI\~f'}'"f: ...,.Cc~ °l-oC:f".,t...,-oC: f7i!6J.I''fh.h"'~il:J'hiln;Jt. ~1'I\'" :~(tOiltl'"II §. n.f..'C~"'Tf'}..,.f.."...,.CC~ I\~h'lOtlt\hh(a.f"'iTf""'C~ .f..'c7a'I\~°l-oC'If7i!6J.I':J'hiln;Jt. ~'1'I\'" :~(tOiltlt\'I: e.nhCt:+;;:fOlJf).f.."')".,I..$PT'I00lJ'I:fm-9"fb""'r.'lLf9"' f;J1f".,I..$PTI\~f1n.°l-oC'Ifr.'!lL-thtt:!$PTn;J/.. ~'1'I\f\a:~(tniltlf\aII h,}4>~jil +t\~+m-ill\A+(tm.f:J'hilh'lfOl-oC".,AffJlfT mUJi'h100')°1".,"'"+"~"'m-!A+(tm-..J'hil'l"'-oCfooffJA ".,AffJ'fT')n"'l.oo"h."f'f~Y..(..7i~9"hC0.""''1fi'h1i-o +ml1f"T9"hCn."'"n;J/..il-o(ttlOo-t\"'"V'il+;;:.f.."9"f) ~mil'l'" II 5.Itshalllevyandcollecttaxesontheincomeofair,railand seatransportservices. 6.Itshalllevyandcollecttaxesonincomeofhousesand propertiesownedbytheFederalGovernment;itshallfix rents. 7.Itshalldetermineandcollectfeesandchargesrelatingto licensesissuedandservicesrenderedbyorgansofthe FederalGovernemnt. 8.Itshalllevyandcollecttaxesonmonopolies. 9.ItshalllevyandcollectFederalstampduties. Article97 StatePowerofTaxation I.Statesshalllevyandcollectincometaxesonemployeesof theStateandofprivateenterprises. .2.Statesshalldetermineandcollectfeesforlandusufrac- tuaryrights. 3.Statesshalllevyandcollecttaxesontheincomesof privatefarmersandfarmersincorporatedincooperative associations. 4.Statesshalllevyandcollectprofitandsalestaxeson individualtraderscarryingoutabusinesswithintheir territory. Statesshalllevyandcollecttaxesonincomefrom transportservicesrenderedonwaterswithintheir territory. 6.Theyshalllevyandcollecttaxesonincomederivedfrom privatehousesandotherpropertieswithintheState.They shallcollectrentonhousesandotherpropertiestheyown. 7.Statesshalllevyandcollectprofit,sales,exciseand personalincometaxesonincomeofenterprisesownedby theStates. 8.Consistentwiththeprovisionssub-Article3ofArticle98, Statesshalllevyandcollecttaxesonincomederivedfrom miningoperations,androyaltiesandlandrentalsonsuch operations. 9.Theyshalldetermineandcollectfeesandchargesrelating tolicensesissuedandservicesrenderedbyStateorgans. 10.Theyshallfixandcollectroyaltyforuseofforest resources. Article98 ConcurrentPowerofTaxation 1.TheFederalGovernmentandtheStatesshalljointlylevy andcollectprofit,sales,exciseandpersonalincometaxes onenterprisestheyjointlyestablish. 2.Theyshalljointlylevyandcollecttaxesontheprofitsof companiesandondividendsduetoshareholders. 3.Theyshalljointlylevyandcollecttaxesonincomes derivedfromlarge-scaleminingandallpetroleumand gasoperations,androyaltiesonsuch